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AP Psych Unit 0 Research Methods and Statistics

Total questions: 120

Worksheet time: 1hrs 22mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

Which technique is used to help us determine if results can be generalized to a larger population?

a)

inferential statistics

b)

longitudinal studies

c)

descriptive statistics

d)

cross-section studies

2.

In which research method do we study one exceptional individual in depth and try to carefully draw conclusions about others based on the evidence?

a)

naturalistic observation

b)

hindsight bias

c)

experimentation

d)

case study

3.

For which of the following distributions of scores would the median most clearly be a more appropriate measure of central tendency than the mean?

a)

16, 28, 4, 8, 24

b)

8, 9, 12, 10, 16

c)

9, 6, 9, 12, 9

d)

6, 18, 4, 5, 2

4.

The American Psychological Association and British Psychological Society have developed ethical principles urging investigators to

a)

avoid the use of monetary incentives in recruiting people to participate in research.

b)

forewarn potential research participants of the exact hypotheses that the research will test.

c)

avoid the manipulation of independent variables in research involving human participants.

d)

explain the research to the participants after the study has been completed.

5.

When we see certain outcomes as obvious based on what has occurred, we may be experiencing

a)

empiricism

b)

hindsight bias

c)

critical thinking

d)

overconfidence

6.

In order to learn about the political attitudes of all students enrolled at Arizona State University, Professor Marlow randomly selected 800 of these students to complete a questionnaire. In this instance, all the students enrolled at Arizona State University are considered to be a(n)

a)

independent variable

b)

dependent variable

c)

representative sample

d)

population

7.

Professor Trinh contends that parents and children have similar levels of intelligence largely because they share common genes. His idea is best described as a(n)

a)

theory

b)

naturalistic observation

c)

replication

d)

illusory correlation

8.

A researcher interested in investigating the attitudes or opinions of a large sample of people is most likely to use which research method?

a)

survey

b)

experiment

c)

correlation

d)

case study

9.

Participants in an experiment are said to be blind if they are uninformed about

a)

the experimental hypothesis being tested.

b)

whether the experimental findings will be statistically significant.

c)

how the dependent variable is measured.

d)

which experimental treatment, if any, they are receiving.

10.

Surveys indicate that people are much less likely to support “welfare” than “aid to the needy.” These somewhat paradoxical survey results best illustrate the importance of

a)

random sampling.

b)

the placebo effect.

c)

wording effects.

d)

naturalistic observation.

11.

The range is

a)

a total population from which samples may be drawn.

b)

the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.

c)

the most commonly used measure of variation.

d)

the average deviation of scores from the mean.

12.

What is a type of bar chart graph that shows the distribution of data?

a)

a bell curve

b)

a histogram

c)

a scatterplot

d)

a skewed distribution

13.

Which type of research design in psychology aims to observe and record behavior without manipulating variables?

a)

Experimental

b)

Correlational

c)

Naturalistic observation

d)

Longitudinal study

14.

The basic principles used to judge the ethics of research include:

a)

experimental group, control group, hypothesis, and replication

b)

independent variable, dependent variable, placebo, and double-blind

c)

scientific validity, expertise of the researcher, cost, and time involved

d)

informed consent, protection from harm, confidentiality, and debriefing

15.

Statistical methods such as surveys with large numbers of participants.

a)

Quantitative

b)

Qualitative

c)

Paradigms

d)

Hypothesis

16.

What is a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of masses of numerical data?

a)

Algebra

b)

Calculus

c)

Statistics

d)

Geometry

17.

Which P-Value means the results are significant?

a)

A P-value of .98

b)

A P-value of greater than .95

c)

A P-value of .1

d)

A P-value of less than .05

18.

Normal Distribution / Normal Curve

a)
b)
c)
19.

Correlation Coefficient

a)

A number that represents the strength and direction of a relationship existing between two variables

b)

Referring to differences in data sets that are larger than chance variation would predict

20.

Outliers

a)

Extreme values in a set of data that may throw off the accuracy of the data set as a whole

b)

Referring to differences in data sets that are larger than chance variation would predict

c)

The square root of the average squared deviations from the mean of scores in a distribution; a measure of variability

d)

A number that represents the strength and direction of a relationship existing between two variables

21.

In which research method do we study one exceptional individual in depth and try to carefully draw conclusions about others based on the evidence?

a)

naturalistic observation

b)

hindsight bias

c)

experimentation

d)

case study

22.

When we see certain outcomes as obvious based on what has occurred, we may be experiencing

a)

empiricism

b)

hindsight bias

c)

critical thinking

d)

overconfidence

23.

Professor Trinh contends that parents and children have similar levels of intelligence largely because they share common genes. His idea is best described as a(n)

a)

theory

b)

naturalistic observation

c)

replication

d)

illusory correlation

24.

A researcher interested in investigating the attitudes or opinions of a large sample of people is most likely to use which research method?

a)

survey

b)

experiment

c)

correlation

d)

case study

25.

What is correlation?

a)

A. The consistency and reproducibility of a given result

b)

B. The accuracy of a given result in measuring what it is designed to measure

c)

C. The relationship between two or more variables

d)

D. Seeing relationships between two things when no such relationship exists

26.

This is a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the value of 2 variables. would be used in a correlational study.

a)

plot box

b)

scatterplot

c)

variables

d)

samples

27.

If r=0, there is a strong correlation.

a)

True

b)

False

28.

What type of correlation does this scatter plot show?

a)

Positive correlation

b)

Negative correlation

c)

No correlation

d)

Constant correlation

29.

Which scatter plot diagram shows the strongest positive correlation?

a)
b)
c)
d)
30.
a)

Positive correlation

b)

Negative correlation

c)

No correlation

31.

The benefit of this descriptive research is that it allows researchers to view naturally occurring behaviors without controlling the situation.

a)

Natural observation

b)

Survey

c)

Case Study

d)

Correlation

32.

The variable manipulated by the researcher is the

a)

Dependent Variable

b)

Independent Variable

c)

Confounding Variable

d)

Correlational variable

33.

This is an example of

a)

Positive Skew

b)

Negative Skew

c)

Positive Correlation

d)

Negative Correlation

34.

The most frequently occurring score in a distribution is known as the

a)

Range

b)

Mean

c)

Median

d)

Mode

35.

A sample that represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion is known as

a)

Random sample

b)

Random assignment

c)

Random variable

d)

Random blind study

36.

This is an example of a

a)

Positive skew

b)

Negative skew

c)

Positive Correlation

d)

Negative Correlation

37.

If the findings of the research showed that the difference between the experimental and control group was relatively large, it would be said that it is

a)

randomized

b)

had confounding variables

c)

statistically significant

d)

had a standard deviation

38.

Which descriptive research method is often criticized for not being representative of typical cases?

a)

Survey

b)

Correlation

c)

Case study

d)

Natural observation

39.

The ethical guideline for research in which participants must agree to be a part of the study is known as

a)

Informed consent

b)

Confidentiality

c)

Free from harm

d)

Debriefing

40.

In an experiment, the variable that changes in response to independent variable is known as

a)

Independent variable

b)

Dependent variable

c)

Changing variable

d)

Control variable

41.

The middle score in a distribution, half scores are above it and half are below it, is known as what?

a)

Standard deviation

b)

Mean

c)

Mode

d)

Median

42.

This is an example of what?

a)

Negative Correlation

b)

Positive Correlation

c)

Negative skew

d)

Positive skew

43.

In an experiment, the group with independent variable is known as what?

a)

Single blind Group

b)

Control Group

c)

Experimental Group

d)

The effect

44.

The names of the participants in a research experiment must be kept secret is an ethical guideline known as

a)

Debriefing

b)

Free from harm

c)

Informed Consent

d)

Confidentiality

45.

Average of a distribution, obtained by adding scores and dividing by number of scores is known as the

a)

Mode

b)

Median

c)

Mean

d)

Range

46.

A clear, precise, typically quantifiable definition of an experiment's variables is known as

a)

replication

b)

operational definition

c)

hypothesis

d)

standardization

47.

This is an example of what

a)

Positive correlation

b)

Negative correlation

c)

Negative skew

d)

Positive skew

48.

A disadvantage of this descriptive method is that only 50% of the people asked to participate, actually do.

a)

Naturalistic observation

b)

Survey

c)

Case study

d)

Correlation

49.

The measure of how much scores vary around the mean is known as the

a)

Standard deviation

b)

Scatter plot

c)

Median

d)

Range

50.

The group in an experiment that does not have the independent variable is known as what?

a)

Double blind group

b)

Outlier

c)

Experimental group

d)

Control group

51.

Repeating a research study, using different participants to see if findings extended to other people and situations is known as what

a)

Random assignment

b)

Operational definition

c)

Replication

d)

Control group

52.

Experiment where neither the participant or the experimenter are

aware of which condition people are assigned to is known as

a)

blinded

b)

single blinded

c)

double blinded

d)

control blinded

53.

The only type of research that can determine cause and effect is

a)

correlation

b)

case study

c)

survey

d)

experiment

54.

What type of correlation is this?

a)

Strong positive correlation

b)

Weak positive correlation

c)

No correlation

d)

Weak negative correlation

55.

Which of the following is the strongest correlation?

a)

0.54

b)

0.88

c)

-0.12

d)

-0.94

56.

What is the purpose of experimental design in psychological research?

a)

To analyze data using statistical tests and draw conclusions.

b)

To randomly assign participants to different conditions and minimize bias.

c)

To systematically investigate the relationship between variables and establish cause-and-effect relationships.

d)

To collect data from a large sample size and increase generalizability.

57.

Which research method is used to establish cause-and-effect relationships?

a)

qualitative

b)

correlational

c)

experimental

d)

observational

58.

What is the main advantage of correlational research?

a)

Allows for causal conclusions to be drawn.

b)

Provides a clear cause-and-effect relationship.

c)

Allows for manipulation of variables.

d)

Identify relationships between variables without manipulating them.

59.

Which type of research method involves collecting data through surveys or questionnaires?

a)

experimental method

b)

observational method

c)

interview method

d)

survey method

60.

What is the primary goal of observational studies in psychology?

a)

To manipulate variables and observe behavior

b)

To predict future behavior based on past observations

c)

To conduct experiments and test hypotheses

d)

To observe and describe behavior without manipulating variables.

61.

Which research method is often used to study rare or unique phenomena?

a)

survey

b)

experiment

c)

observational study

d)

case study

62.

What are the potential limitations of survey methods in psychological research?

a)

Sampling bias, demand characteristics, experimenter bias, small sample size

b)

Hawthorne effect, response set bias, lack of control over extraneous variables, low response rate

c)

Recall bias, observer bias, lack of ecological validity, social desirability bias

d)

Response bias, social desirability bias, limited generalizability, reliance on self-report measures

63.

What is the role of a control group in an experimental design?

a)

The control group is used to collect data for statistical analysis.

b)

The control group is used to manipulate the independent variable.

c)

The role of a control group is to provide an uninfluenced comparison for evaluating the effects of the experimental treatment.

d)

The control group is used to determine the sample size for the experiment.

64.

How do researchers ensure the reliability and validity of their findings in psychological research?

a)

Researchers ensure the reliability and validity of their findings in psychological research by relying solely on self-report measures.

b)

Researchers ensure the reliability and validity of their findings in psychological research by conducting research in only one specific cultural context.

c)

Researchers ensure the reliability and validity of their findings in psychological research by using small sample sizes and not conducting any statistical analysis.

d)

Researchers ensure the reliability and validity of their findings in psychological research through rigorous research methods and techniques such as random sampling, controlling extraneous variables, using standardized measures, conducting pilot studies, employing statistical analysis, and employing different types of validity and techniques like triangulation, peer review, and replication.

65.

The APA stands for

a)
American Psychological Association
b)
American Physics Association
c)
American Philosophy Association
d)
American Photography Association
66.
After the student council election, a friend tells you he has known for weeks who would be elected president.  What does this seem to illustrate? 
a)
Skepticism
b)
Critical Thinking
c)
Hindsight Bias
d)
Overconfidence
67.
While taking a standardized test with randomly scrambled answers, you notice that your last four answers have been "c."  Which of the following is true concerning the probablity of the next answer being "c?"
a)
It is higher.  Once a streak begins, it is likely to last for a while.  
b)
It is lower.  Since answers are distributed randomly, "c" answers become less common.
c)
It is unaffected by previous answers.  It is as likely to be "c" as any other answer. 
d)
You should check your previous answers.  Four "c's" in a row is impossible. 
68.
What we call the tendency to exaggerate the correctness or accuracy of our beliefs and predictions prior to testing? 
a)
Hindsight bias
b)
Overconfidence
c)
Critical Thinking
d)
Skepticism
69.
What does the scientific approach assume? 
a)
that events are governed by some lawful order
b)
each event is completely unique
c)
there are no general laws or principles that apply to human behavior
d)
the search for absolute truth is the ultimate goal
70.
Answering the question of how something works is most closely associated with which goal of science? 
a)
the search for truth 
b)
application and control
c)
measurement and description
d)
understanding and prediction
71.
Which is NOT among the goals of psychology?
a)
the development of measurement techniques for describing behavior precisely and accurately
b)
understanding why certain behaviors occur
c)
applications of research findings to solve everyday problems
d)
searching for absolute truths about behavior
72.
Basing decisions or conclusions on observable evidence describes which of the following?
a)
hindsight bias
b)
confirmation bias
c)
empirical approach
d)
operational definition
73.
Dr. Donelian wants to reduce his students' perception that psychological experiments merely document the obvious. His best strategy would be to ask the students to 
a)
describe how experimental hypotheses were derived from basic psychological principles
b)
predict the outcomes of experiments before they are told the actual results
c)
explain the outcomes of experiments after they are told the actual results
d)
personally engage in naturalistic observation
74.
To examine assumptions, discern hidden values, evaluate evidence, and assess conclusions is to engage in 
a)
naturalistic observation
b)
creating operational definitions
c)
generating hypotheses
d)
critical thinking
75.
Which of the following is an example of hindsight bias?
a)
Dr. Grace overestimates how effectively her new treatment method works because she fails to seek out any evidence refuting her theory. 
b)
Experts predicting world events with 80% confidence turned out to be correct less than 40% of the time. 
c)
Marcy cannot recognize a definition on a flashcard.  After turning the card over and viewing the term, she tells herself she knew what the answer was all along. 
d)
Liza underestimates how much time it will take her to finish writing her collecge application essays and as a result fails to meet an important deadline. 
76.

The group from which a sample is selected

a)

population

b)

assignment

c)

sampling

d)

group

77.

A method of selecting a sample from a population

a)

assignment

b)

sampling

c)

random selection

d)

grouping

78.

The process by which participants are put into either an experimental or a control group

a)

assignment

b)

sampling

79.

The process by which participants are selected

a)

sampling

b)

assignment

80.

When research measures what the researcher set out to measure; is accurate

a)

reliabiity

b)

validity

81.

When research can be replicated; it is consistent

a)

validity

b)

reliability

82.

Aims to explain some phenomenon and allows researchers to generate testable hypothesis

a)

theory

b)

operational definition

c)

hypothesis

d)

correlation

83.

An explanation of how variables are measured

a)

hypothesis

b)

correlation

c)

operational definition

d)

testing procedure

84.

A statement that expresses a relationship between two variables

a)

correlation

b)

hypothesis

c)

experiment

85.

A statistical measure of a relationship between two variables

a)

correlation

b)

hypothesis

c)

experiment

86.

The only research method that can show a causal relationship; allows researcher to manipulate the independent variable.

a)

experiment

b)

correlation

c)

hypothesis

d)

testing

87.

Being selected to be in a group of people to participate in an experiment will affect the performance of that group

a)

participant bias

b)

Hawthorne effect

c)

abbott effect

d)

kardashian effect

88.

Tendency for subjects to behave in certain ways based on their perception of an experiment

a)

participant bias (Response bias)

b)

hindsight bias

89.

Tendency upon hearing about research findings to think that they knew it all along

a)

participant bias (response bias)

b)

hindsight bias

90.

Researcher nor participants know which group the participants are in

a)

double blind study

b)

single blind study

91.

Unconscious tendency for researchers to treat members of the groups differently to increase the chance of confirming the hypothesis

a)

single blind study

b)

experimenter bias

c)

researcher bias

92.

Research method used to get a full, detailed picture of one participant or small group of participants

a)

case study

b)

experiment

c)

correlation

d)

observation

93.

Research method that involves observing participants in the natural habitats without interacting with them

a)

survey

b)

case study

c)

naturalistic observation

d)

experiment

94.

Used to gather opinions or attitudes and for correlational research

a)

experiment

b)

survey method

95.

A graph of correlated data

a)

scatter plot

b)

bell curve

96.

Any difference between the experimental and control conditions, except the independent variable, that may affect the dependent variable

a)

confounding variables

b)

bouncing variables

c)

survey method

d)

experiment

97.

Research to solve practical problems and has clear, practical applications

a)

basic research

b)

applied research

c)

survey

d)

experiment

98.

A type of descriptive statistical measure that attempts to depict the diversity of the distribution

a)

normal curve

b)

applied research

c)

measures of variability

d)

inferential statistics

99.

Bell shaped curve

a)

scatter plot

b)

normal curve

100.

Statistics that can determine whether or not finding can be applied to the larger population

a)

inferential statistics

b)

basic significance

101.

Ethical psychological studies using animals must meet which requirements. Select all that apply

a)

have a claer scientific purpose

b)

care for and house animals in a humane way

c)

acquire animals subjects legally

d)

design experimental procedures that employ the least amount of suffering

102.

A process that allows a researcher to ensure that the sample represents the population on some criteria

a)

stratified sampling

b)

group sampling

c)

survey method

d)

experimental sampling

103.

Guidelines for human research include which of the following. Select all that apply

a)

coercion

b)

informed consent

c)

anonymity/confidentiality

d)

lack of risk

104.
You psychology professor wants to describe the average score on your first psychology test.  Which measure of central tendency is your professor most likely to use? 
a)
mean
b)
median
c)
mode 
d)
harmonic mean
105.
Scores pile up at the low end of the scale in 
a)
a negatively skewed distribution
b)
a positively skewed distribution
c)
any skewed distribution
d)
a normal distribution
106.
The marketing agent for a professional sports franchise conducts a survey asking people how much they support the construction of a new sports stadium. Almost everyone who takes part in the survey indicates they are strongly in favor of a new stadium; there are just a few respondents who think a new stadium would be a bad idea.  When the results from the survey are plotted in a histogram, the distribution will be 
a)
positively skewed
b)
symmetrical
c)
impossible to predict without more information
d)
negatively skewed
107.
In a strongly skewed distribution, the best indicator of central tendency is usually the
a)
mean
b)
median
c)
mode
d)
standard deviation
108.

When scores are "bunched up"in the center of a distribution, the

a)

mean will be relatively low

b)

standard deviation will be relatively low

c)

correlation coefficiaent will be a negative number

d)

standard deviation will be relatively high

109.
The standard deviation
a)
indicates the average difference between each score in a group and the mean for that group of scores
b)
reveals the degree of skew for a a group of scores 
c)
is sensitive to scores at the extremes of a distribution of scores
d)
is used to determine whether a data set is positively or negatively skewed
110.

Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the weakest degree of relationship between two variables?

a)

-0.12

b)

+1.00

c)

-0.99

d)

+0.25

e)

-0.50

111.

Megalethia claims that her psychological research is “valid”. What does she mean?

a)

The study was successful

b)

The study proved her hypothesis

c)

The study failed

d)

The study was done in a lab

e)

The study measures what it claims to measure

112.

The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.

a)

standard deviation

b)

variance

c)

range

d)

dependent variable

113.

Which of the following is the mode for the data set: 4, 4, 5, 6, 7, 7, 7, 8, 9?

a)

4

b)

7

c)

9

114.
In a normal distribution, what percentage of the scores in the distribution falls within on standard deviation on either side of the mean?
a)
34 %
b)
40 %
c)
50 %
d)
68 %
115.

What is a statement that describes how to measure a particular variable such as an emotion?

a)

Operational Definition

b)

Independent Variable

c)

Control Variable

Scientific Inquiry

d)

Scientific Law

116.

Which of the following methods best limits the influence of unknown variables in an experiment?

a)

Random assignment

b)

Debriefing

c)

Stratified Sampling

d)

Random selection

e)

Correlational study

117.

If you put all of the Seniors' names in a hat and draw names for prizes, what is the scientific name for your procedure?

a)

random drawing

b)

random selection

c)

random sample

d)

random assigment

118.

If Mrs. Holder selects 100 students out of each grade level to make a decision about an after school event, and she makes sure she has 50% male/ 50% female as well as a diverse sample similar to Blackman's overall population, she has created a(n) __________________.

a)

representative sample

b)

random assignment

c)

statistical significance

d)

population control

119.

_______________ is a statistical method that deduces from a small but representative sample the characteristics of a bigger population.

a)

Sampling

b)

inferential statistics

c)

correlational studies

d)

descriptive statistics

120.

Which type of psychological study uses measures of central tendency and measures of variability?

a)

inferential statistics

b)

correlational research

c)

experiments

d)

descriptive statistics

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