Lowered the voting age to 18

Limits the number of terms a president can serve

Transition from state legislatures' selection of senators to a direct vote by the people

Allowed the right to vote for women

Freedom of speech, religion, press, , and assembly

Contains establishment and free exercise clauses

Right to bear arms

Do not have to quarter soldiers

No unreasonable search and seizure

Officials must have a warrant based on probably cause

Protects people's privacy

Fair and speedy public trial

Can face witnesses against you

Guarantees legal council for accused

Right to jury trial

No cruel or unusual punishment

Not all rights protected are listed

Everything not listed in the constitution is the jurisdiction of the states or the people

States must apply Bill of Rights (Nationalization of Bill of Rights)

Born or naturalized in US means you are a citizen

Contains due process and equal protections clause

Amendment most cited in civil rights cases

Granted African American men the right to vote

Allows corporations and organizations can spend as much $ as they like so long as they don't directly coordinate with candidates even up to election day

Media is about to print leaked information about the Vietnam War and President Nixon tried to stop them

Court rules in favor of 1st amendment freedom of the press and media prints story

Established that gun legislation is reserved for the states

Win for states rights

Struck down the requirement for all students to attend public school until 16 a violation of Amish beliefs

Affirmed free exercise clause of 1st amendment

Man was robbed and bought a handgun violating a handgun ban. Found that ban violated 2nd amendment

Black family wanted to send their child to a white segregated school

Court ruled that separate but equal violated equal protections clause of 14th amendment

Stopped malapportionment (districts must have similar population size). Utilized equal protections clause- "one person, one vote"

Gave courts the power to rule on districting cases

Man was not provided a lawyer

Court ruled that it violated 6th amendment's guarantee of legal council

Students decide to wear armbands to school to protest Vietnam War and are suspended

Court ruled school violated 1st amendment, armbands did not cause interference in school discipline or learning

Established that the federal government can have a bank (to enact enumerated powers- Necessary and Proper Clause)

Establishes that federal laws supersede state laws (Supremacy Clause)

Win for Federal rights

Disallowed staff-led prayer in public schools

Enforcing establishment clause of 1st amendment

War protester told men to avoid draft of WWI

Speech representing clear and present danger is not protected under 1st amendment

Established judicial review

Stopped gerrymandering based on race (districts cannot be draw with race being the biggest factor). Utilized equal protections clause

1st 10 amendments to the constitution safeguard individual freedoms

First government of the U.S uniting a loose union of sovereign states

Laws and policies that aim to remedy workplace and educational disparities based on race, ethnic origin, gender, disability, and age

States the philosophy of federalism, checks and balances, separation of powers

Protect individual rights

States the philosophy of natural rights (life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness) and popular sovereignty.

Separated Colonies from Britain

Advocates for importance of local control and direct involvement of citizens. Small republics are better with weak central government

Argues the necessity for checks and balances between branches within the US Constitution

Argues for the need to control the negative effects of factionalism through a representative democracy and large diverse republic

Argued for a strong executive

Defends the need for a Supreme Court that is independent from other branches and permanent (life long appointments)

Belittled half-hearted supporters for lack of immediate commitment and action for civil rights

Guaranteed voting rights to minority groups

Congressional law ending segregation and banning employment discrimination

Congressional law ending segregation and banning employment discrimination

Law aimed to curtail the influence of money in campaigns by banning unregulated contributions and requiring candidates to include a statement in their ads affirming their approval

Federal government jobs be awarded on the basis of merit and government employees selected through competitive exams

Also made it unlawful to fire or demote employees for political reasons

Prohibits sex discrimination in educational programs receiving federal financial assistances

Consumer protections

Democratic Party

Economic growth

Environmental protections

Equal healthcare access

Free-market

Individual liberty

Less government regulations

Limited  federal government

Republican Party

Social equality

Workers' rights

Approves cabinet and judicial nominations

Congress

Enforces Laws

Makes laws

Nominate justices and cabinet members

Overrides vetoes

President

Review laws/actions deeming them constitutional or unconstitutional

Serve for life

Serve 2 or 6 years terms for life if continuously elected

Serve up to 2- 4yr. terms

Supreme Court System

Power of the purse

Power to impeach

Veto

Committees that are always active

Committee that creates and discusses bills related to taxes

Committee that decides where to send federal dollars to be spent

Collection of individuals asked to discuss political topics in order for the moderator to gain in-depth qualitative insights to help lead political strategies

Elections that take place half way through a president's term

Elections used for parties to choose their candidates to run in an election

Organization, affiliation or committee with the goal of protecting the rights and interests of their members

Party members or registered voters to have a say in nominee selection in an open forum and public vote

Uniting different groups for common cause

Divides the government into three branches

Each branch of government can hold some power over the power of the other two branches

Sharing power between the central government and regional governments

System of government where power is held by the people and exercised through elected representatives

The value that the market should determine prices, products, and services, emphasizing individual economic freedom and limited government intervention in business

Explicitly listed in the Constitution and assigned to federal and state governments

Freedoms protecting citizen rights from the government

Powers not specifically mentioned in the Constitution but are inferred from the Necessary and Proper Clause- Grants Congress authority to make laws necessary and proper for executing enumerated powers

Fundamental human rights that are inherent to all individuals, such as the rights to life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness (and property)

Sitting officials running for another term

Conducted on election day, provide valuable data on voters' (after they vote) motivations, shedding light on the factors that influenced their voting decisions

People in custody must be made aware of their rights upon arrest

Clause protecting practice of religion

Clause stating that Congress may not make a law supporting a specific religion

Guarantees fair treatment under the law- most used clause for civil liberties cases. Laws must be equally enforced and not discriminatory.

Ensures fair hearings and that the government protects the rights of the accused

Evidence illegally obtained cannot be used against suspects in criminal proceedings

Legal principle of adhering to precedents when deciding cases with similar facts, is a critical aspect of judicial decision-making

Holds hearings to ensures that legislation is implemented as intended by executive bureaucracies through review, monitoring, and supervision

Alliances between congressional committees, bureaucratic agencies, and outside organizations in policy areas

Group of citizens united by a shared interest, potentially detrimental to the rights of other citizens or the overall well-being of the community

President's platform used to shape public opinion and national agenda to pressure other branches of government

Annual speech to the legislature and public outlining policy goals and legislative priorities

President's authority over all armed forces

Redistricting in a way that is politically advantageous by manipulating boundaries

Majority representatives who leads their party in the house and decides who can speak and who cannot. Makes committee assignments

Who can filibuster?

Money for non-essential spending- amounts can be debated (includes national defense, education, transportation, scientific research, social services, and national parks)

Funds that must be spent by the federal government (includes Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid)

Term for 2 houses of congress

Group of founding fathers who wanted the constitution to stay as is- strong central government

Created bicameral legislature

One based on equal state representation (senate- New Jersey Plan- each state has 2) and one based on population (House of Representatives- Virginia Plan- number of reps depends on population)

Mechanism used to elect the President of the United States

Used to determine how the president should be chosen

States get electors based on number of representatives (population) and senators (equal state representation)

Addressed how enslaved individuals would be counted when determining a state's population for representation and taxation

Massachusetts uprising that proved the ineffectiveness of the Articles of Confederation

Federal funds provided to state governments for specific purposes or projects, strict guidelines on how funds should be used

Example- Highway Safety Grant provides funding to states for improving road safety