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WorksheetsPractice Exam 4: Informal Fallacies
Total questions: 40
Worksheet time: 21mins
Professor Harris gives a number of reasons why we should turn off our smartphones during class. It appears that Harris is one of those Luddites who are opposed to technology altogether. No laptops, no iPads, no digital cameras—that’s what Harris wants. But that’s just ridiculous. Thus, it’s clear that Harris is wrong.
No fallacy
Argument against the person (abusive/direct)
False cause
Straw man
Red herring
Dr. Niels Langer, the universally recognized climatologist, says that global warming is an extremely important problem that must be addressed immediately. Therefore, we should take him at his word and get to work on solving this problem right now.
No fallacy
Appeal to the people
Appeal to unqualified authority
Begging the question
Appeal to force
Standard & Poors, Wells Fargo, Goldman Sachs, Merrill Lynch, Bank of America—all of these companies continue to pay their top executives huge bonuses. It must be the case that every American company pays its top executives huge bonuses.
No fallacy
False cause
Hasty generalization
Composition
Accident
Radio host Rush Limbaugh argues that ObamaCare is doomed to failure. But who is this screwball Limbaugh? He’s nothing but a fascist, sexist, homophobic, drug-addicted moron, who will say anything to stir up the ultra right. Every sane person should shut him off.
Begging the question
Argument against the person (abusive/direct)
False cause
Hasty generalization
No fallacy
Dorothy has blue eyes and blond hair. Therefore, probably her identical twin sister Theodora has blue eyes and blond hair.
Argument against the person (circumstantial)
Weak analogy
Amphiboly
False cause
No fallacy
It’s never a good idea to allow your teenage kids to have a sip of champagne on New Year’s Eve. Next they’ll be drinking beer during TV football games. Then it’ll be wine every night at dinner. Then Bloody Marys every morning. Soon they’ll be raging alcoholics, and the costs for rehab will be enormous.
Complex question
No fallacy
Slippery slope
False cause
Missing the point
Every component in this boat is made of rust-proof material. Therefore, the entire boat is rust-proof.
False dichotomy
Weak analogy
Composition
No fallacy
Suppressed evidence
Congressman Baxter, I know you will want to support our application to clear-cut the old growth timber in the Great Northern forest. After all, surely you don’t want the media to find out about that affair you’ve been having with a certain Capitol Hill intern.
Division
Appeal to the people
No fallacy
Appeal to pity
Appeal to force
There is a lot of talk these days about the need for greater fuel economy in SUVs. But today’s SUV’s are really beautiful. The Cadillac Escalade has clean lines, supple leather, and polished hardwood. The Lincoln Navigator features beautiful paint and the feel of strength and security. And the Mercury Mariner has wonderful styling and a great sound system. Who could ask for anything more?
Begging the question
Red herring
Straw man
Missing the point
No fallacy
Whatever you do, never accept a date from Ken Bradshaw. The last woman to date Ken broke up with him in just 3 weeks and became a lesbian.
False cause
Weak analogy
No fallacy
Appeal to unqualified authority
Hasty generalization
Professor Gibson said that he teaches only dead white philosophers. Therefore, it must be the case that all of his students are dead.
Equivocation
Appeal to ignorance
Appeal to the person (tu quoque)
No fallacy
Amphiboly
Either you buy me a new Rolls Royce or I’ll have to walk to work in the snow. And I’m sure you don’t want me to do that.
Straw man
No fallacy
False dichotomy
Appeal to force
Missing the point
Tom Larsen could not have written this fine term paper. Tom is as stupid as the day is long, and he can’t put three words together to form an intelligent sentence.
Argument against the person (abusive/direct)
No fallacy
Appeal to pity
Accident
Argument against the person (circumstantial)
The war in Iraq was justified beyond any question. America was founded in the spirit of freedom and self-determination, and it finds its destiny in liberating the victims of tyranny wherever they languish! America is a beacon of hope for the oppressed, a refuge for the downtrodden, a shining star of freedom for the whole world! The hand of the Almighty points the way! Every true patriot will heed the clarion call of freedom for all humankind!
No fallacy
Missing the point
Slippery slope
Appeal to the people
Appeal to pity
William likes to eat. He also likes to make love. It follows that William likes to eat while he’s making love.
Red herring
Amphiboly
Division
Composition
No fallacy
The new Grand Dragon of the Ku Klux Klan says that interracial marriage is a crime against nature. Therefore, that interracial couple who just moved into the neighborhood must be a pair of criminals.
No fallacy
Complex question
Appeal to unqualified authority
Begging the question
Suppressed evidence
Either Thomas Edison or Samuel F. B. Morse invented the telegraph. But it wasn’t Edison. Therefore, Morse invented the telegraph.
No fallacy
Division
False dichotomy
Appeal to ignorance
Appeal to the people
Hugo lost an arm in a car accident last year. But surely he will get it back. Most things that are lost turn up sooner or later.
No fallacy
Equivocation
Appeal to unqualified authority
Amphiboly
Composition
Judge, surely I’m not obligated to pay $250,000 in back taxes. If you were to decide against me, it would really put a crimp in my finances. I wouldn’t be able to afford that new BMW, and my social status in our upscale neighborhood will drop like a rock.
Appeal to pity
Appeal to force
Appeal to unqualified authority
No fallacy
Argument against the person (circumstantial)
A hundred years ago people listened to recorded music on their gramophones. There are very few gramophones around today. Therefore, probably people listen to less recorded music today than they did a hundred years ago.
Appeal to the people
False cause
Suppressed evidence
Accident
Hasty generalization
Nobody has ever seen Mr. Albie walk without crutches. We conclude that Mr. Albie needs crutches to walk.
Appeal to pity
False cause
Appeal to ignorance
Begging the question
No fallacy
Floyd Conway has given us his reasons for unrestricted logging in our national forests. But it’s obvious why he says these things. Floyd is a lumberjack, and he just wants to ensure that he’ll have a job in the years ahead.
Argument against the person (abusive/direct)
False dichotomy
Straw man
Argument against the person (circumstantial)
No fallacy
All political operatives are disingenuous characters and all clever manipulators are disingenuous characters. Thus, all political operatives are clever manipulators.
This argument contains a fallacy of weak induction
This argument contains no fallacy
This argument contains a formal fallacy
This argument contains a fallacy of ambiguity
This argument contains a fallacy of relevance
Nancy, I saw you in Smiley’s Bar last night. Level with me. Are you still getting drunk on a regular basis?
False cause
Argument against the person (abusive/direct)
Begging the question
No fallacy
Complex question
During the five years that Clarence has worn a Rolex watch, three of his married friends have gotten a divorce. Thus, to prevent any more divorces, it is essential that he stop wearing that watch.
False cause
No fallacy
Suppressed evidence
Weak analogy
Accident
It’s dangerous to use a hair dryer while taking a bath. But a rechargeable shaver is an electrical device no less than a hair dryer. Therefore, it’s dangerous to use a rechargeable shaver while taking a bath.
Appeal to force
Begging the question
No fallacy
Weak analogy
Missing the point
Mark is a rotten salesman. But every salesman is a person. Therefore, Mark is a rotten person.
Argument against the person (abusive/direct)
Equivocation
Appeal to ignorance
No fallacy
Amphiboly
Tom is a bit of a dunce when it comes to mathematics, and he hasn’t studied a bit for the next calculus test. Therefore, he probably won’t do very well on that test.
No fallacy
Slippery slope
False cause
Appeal to unqualified authority
Argument against the person (abusive/direct)
Libertarians are insensitive to the plight of the poor. We know this is so because they want to abolish the minimum wage. And we know they want to do this because they want to eliminate all restrictions on hiring the poor. And of course this is true because Libertarians are insensitive to the plight of the poor.
No fallacy
Composition
Begging the question
Appeal to pity
Slippery slope
The idea that fast food is unhealthy is a lot of hooey. Why, 90% of America eats fast food.
Accident
Division
Begging the question
No fallacy
Appeal to the people
We know for certain that no armadillos are aardvarks. It is therefore equally certain that no aardvarks are armadillos.
Begging the question
Weak analogy
No fallacy
Hasty generalization
Equivocation
Valerie Norton’s new novel is a real thriller. Therefore, every single chapter must be thrilling.
No fallacy
Division
Hasty generalization
Composition
Appeal to unqualified authority
The Second Amendment to the Constitution guarantees everyone the right to bear arms. Therefore it should be legal for those undercover Al Qaeda members to buy a carload of shoulder-launched surface-to-air missiles.
Accident
Appeal to unqualified authority
No fallacy
Argument against the person (tu quoqe)
Appeal to force
In a random sample of 300 current year Honda Civic Hybrids, 100 had a defect in the fuel injection system. Therefore, probably about a third of that entire production run has a defect in the fuel injection system.
False cause
Missing the point
Hasty generalization
No fallacy
Composition
This brick made of 24 caret gold has been sliced into 50 pieces. Therefore, each of the pieces must be 24 caret gold.
Composition
False cause
Division
Suppressed evidence
No fallacy
It’s absolutely clear that the U.S. should get out of the U.N. National autonomy should never be turned over to foreign nations.
Begging the question
Appeal to ignorance
Red herring
Appeal to the people
No fallacy
Movie star Marci Downs says in magazine ads that the new Porsche XKG is the sexiest car on the road. But you shouldn’t take what she says too seriously because she’s paid thousands of dollars to make these ads.
False cause
Accident
Argument against the person (abusive/direct)
No fallacy
Argument against the person (circumstantial)
Ed Jackson argues that the war in Iraq was a tragic mistake. But look who’s talking! Before his recent discharge, Jackson was participating in the very war he now condemns. Obviously his arguments can’t be trusted.
Appeal to unqualified authority
Argument against the person (tu quoque)
No fallacy
Appeal to the people
Argument against the person (abusive/direct)
Katie has been squabbling with her fiancé about the details of their wedding. Thus, it would be a good idea for her to hire somebody to beat him up.
Division
False cause
Missing the point
No fallacy
Appeal to force
Nobody has ever proved that capitalist economics corrupts people’s values, as Karl Marx claimed. Therefore, we must conclude that capitalism does not corrupt people’s values.
Suppressed evidence
Appeal to ignorance
Appeal to unqualified authority
Hasty generalization
No fallacy
