mismatch repair corrects errors that escaped proofreading

DNA ligase is not involved in DNA repair

DNA repair is the major cause of cancer

somatic mutations are inherited

repair by non-homologous end joining of double strand breaks can cause mutations

telomeres are enriched in eurochromatin

heterohromatin can spread

female mammals have two active X chromosomes

the most highly condensed form of interfase chromatin is called euchromatin

genes that are packaged in heterochromatin are usually silenced

RNA is produced using the code on the DNA which is used to synthesize proteins

mitochondria has its own DNA

prokaryotic cells do not have nucleus but eukaryotic cells have

there are 22 amino acids

ribosomes also have RNA

the isolated mRNA is partially cleaved by primase enzymes after transcription

the DNA sequence is mutated and consequently, mRNA sequence is shorter

the isolated mRNA sequence probably doesn't belong to the same DNA sequence because mRNA and DNA should have equal lengths

the isolation process he used is not suitable for mRNA, wile it is suitable for DNA isolation

the mRNA sequence is alternatively spliced and only contains exons, while the DNA contains both exons and introns

A single transcription factor cannot trigger the formation of an entire organ

differentiated cells can be reprogrammed to become stem cells

RNA interference does not protect the cell against infections

prokaryotic mRNA are generally more stable than eukaryotic mRNA

regulatory RNAs can control the expression of many genes

DNA proofreading is done by the DNA polymeraase

DNA polymerase can work in both directions (5' to 3' and 3' to 5')

Okazaki element are DNA molecules (dont ask why its written like this for this question IK)

DNA replication is conservative

telomerase prevents shortening of the DNA in the leading strand

Large subunit translocates -> small subunit translocates -> peptide bond is formed -> Aminoacyl-tRNA binds to the ribosome

small subunit translocates -> large subunit translocates -> peptide bond is formed -> Aminoacyl-tRNA binds to the ribosome

Peptide bond is formed -> Aminoacyl-tRNA binds to the ribosome -> small subunit translocates -> large subunit translocates

Aminoacyl-tRNA binds to the ribosome -> Peptide bond is formed -> Large subunit translocates -> small subunit translocates

Chromatin modifying proteins can be recruited by gene regulators to alter chromatin structures

most transcription factors bind the DNA as a single protein (monomer)

transcription regulators are called repressors when they switch the transcription of a gene transcription

transcription regulators should bind to a DNA sequences which is close (on the DNA strand) to a transcription start site to regulate transcription in eukaryotic cells

bacteria can switch on the expression of different genes at once that are grouped together in an operon

In transcription, the newly synthesized RNA is complementary to the template DNA strand

in RNA synthesis, all five nucleotides can be used by RNA polymerase

On the same gene, several RNA copies can be made at the same time

RNA polymerase requires another enzyme to bind start RNA synthesis

The nucleosome core particle does not contain DNA

2 hydrogen bonds are formed between C and G base pairs

One nucleosome contains 2 histones

Packaging of DNA by histones can be changed by covalent modifications

Karyotypes can help to detect chromosomal effects

Telomere

centromere

kinetochore

nucleosome

chromatid

because DNA polymerase only starts the synthesis of the lagging strand after it finishes synthesis of the leading strand

Because DNA polymerase saves energy with the formation of leading and lagging strands

Because DNA polymerase can only synthesize DNA in the 5' to 3' direction

Because only one replication fork is formed at each strand

Double strands of DNA are separated from each other -> primase binds to template strand -> DNA polymerase binds and starts synthesis -> Okazaki fragments are made

primase binds to template strand -> DNA polymerase binds and starts synthesis -> Okazaki fragments are made -> Double strands of DNA are separated from each other

Okazaki fragments are made -> Double strands of DNA are separated from each other -> primase binds to template strand -> DNA polymerase binds and starts synthesis

primase binds to template strand -> Okazaki fragments are made -> Double strands of DNA are separated from each other -> DNA polymerase binds and starts synthesis

Promoter

Alpha factor

mediator

activator

Sigma factor

tRNA

mRNA

rRNA

snRNA

miRNA

Eukaryotic genes are interrupted by noncoding sequences called exons

Eukaryotic genes remove their exons by splicing

5' cap modification only happens on Eukaryotic mRNA molecules

Some RNA molecules can have catalytic function and these RNA molecules that are called ribozymes

In the RNA world hypothesis, first there was RNA, then DNA and then proteins

5' to 3' , C- to N- terminus

5' to 3' , N- to C- terminus

3' to 5' , C- to N- terminus

3' to 5' , N- to C- terminus

DNA ligase is not involved in DNA repair

Double strand DNA breaks repaired by non-homologous end-joining do not cause mutations

DNA proofreading is done by the DNA polymerase

When a DNA base mismatch is not repaired, stable point mutations can be generated after the next cell division

A single nucleotide change can never lead to disease, more mutations are necessary

RNA can also form different base pairs than C-G and A-T base pairs in DNA

Newly formed RNA molecules remain attached to the DNA template

RNA nucleotides contain the same four bases as DNA nucleotides

RNA nucleotides are not linked together by phosphodiester bonds (like DNA)

RNA molecules are generally much shorter than DNA molecules

Eukaryotic RNA polymerase 2 needs to get dephosphorylated after transcription is ended in order to start a new transcription

Binding of the TATA binding protein will distort he DNA and attract the other general transcription factors

Prokaryotic (bacterial) mRNA undergoes modifications like 5' capping

Most eukaryotic genes contain introns and exons, Introns are the coding sequences and exons are the non-coding sequences

During transcription, the general transcription factors remain attached to the RNA polymerase

Newly charged tRNA enters the ribosome from the E Site and is ejected from the A site

ribosomes bind to the mRNA via its large subunit

there is only one correct reading frame for translation

tRNA molecules are attached to amino acids by covalent bonds

Each codon has a unique corresponding tRNA molecule (number of tRNAs = 61)

House-keeping genes are genes that are only expressed in certain specific cell types

cells change expression of their genes in response to external signals

one single transcription regulator cannot switch on the expression of multiple genes

different combinations of a few different transcription can generate many different cell types during development

one transcription factor can never trigger the formation of an entire organ made of. several different tissues

transcription regulators are proteins that bind to regulatory DNA elements via formation of several non-covalent bonds with the specific nucleotide pairs

expression of different genes at the same time as one mRNA (operon) is very common in eukaryotic cells

the tryptophan operon in bacteria will be expressed when tryptophan concentrations are high

Transcription regulators in eukaryotic cells always act on the transcription complex when they are very close to the transcription start (within 100nt)

Micro-RNAs are expressed in the nucleus and direct the destruction of many target mRNAs

Epigenetics effects are caused by changes/mutations in the DNA sequence

Master transcription regulators activate the transcription of their own gene to generate a feedback loop and maintain cell identity after cell division

DNA methylation on CpG islands is not passed on after cell divisions

Histone methylation changes the positive charges on lysine amino acids

Heterochromatin can be formed via RNA molecules