Type of metabolic reaction in which large biochemical molecules are broken down to smaller ones and usually releases energy.

(a)  

Metabolic reaction in which small biochemical molecules are joined together to form larger ones.

(a)  

Series of consecutive biochemical reactions used to convert a starting material into an end product.

(a)  

Metabolic pathway in which a series of reactions generate a final product.

(a)  

Metabolic pathway in which reactions regenerates the first product.

(a)  

Cells that have no nucleus and are found only in bacteria.

(Plural)

(a)  

Cell in which the DNA is found in a membrane-enclosed nucleus and is found in all higher organisms.

(Plural)

(a)  

Water-based material of a eukaryotic cell that lies between the nucleus and outer membrane of the cell. It is within this part that several kinds of organelles are located.

(a)  

Minute structure within the cytoplasm of a cell that carries out a specific cellular function.

(Plural)

(a)  

Site of protein synthesis.

(Plural)

(a)  

Contains hydrolytic enzymes needed for cellular rebuilding, repair, and dehydration.

(Plural)

(a)  

Responsible for the regeneration of most energy for a cell. It is a sausage-shaped organelle containing both an outer membrane and a multifolded inner membrane.

(a)  

It is the interior region of a mitochondrion.

(a)  

Region between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes.

(a)  

Outer Membrane or Inner Membrane (Mitochondrion):
Freely permeable to small molecules.

(a)  

Outer Membrane or Inner Membrane (Mitochondrion):

Highly impermeable to most substances.

(a)  

Folds of the inner membrane that protrude into the matrix.

(a)  

What are the adenosine phosphates?

(a)  

Phosphate-Ribose Bond.

(a)  

Phosphate-phosphate bond.

(Singular)

(a)  

Refers to the production of (loss of) a molecule of water when 2 phosphate groups bond to each other.

(a)  

Chemical bond formed when 2 phosphate groups react with each other and a water molecule is produced.

(Singular)

(a)  

Functional group derived from a phosphate ion when the latter becomes part of another molecule.

(a)  

Ion that is the product of hydrolysis.

(a)  

Basis for the net energy production that accompanies hydrolysis.

(Plural)

(a)  

Triphosphate involved in carbohydrate metabolism.

(a)  

Triphosphate that participates in protein metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism.

(a)  

Triphosphate involved in lipid metabolism.

(a)  

Coenzyme required in numerous metabolic redox reactions. It is visualized as containing either 3 or 6 subunits.

(a)  

What is the oxidized form of Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide?

(a)  

What is the reduced form of Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide?

(a)  

What subunit is the active portion of FAD?

(a)  

Dinucleotide that functions in metabolic redox and has B-vitamin as a structural component.

(a)  

Notation for the oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.

(a)  

Notation for the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.

(a)  

What is the B Vitamin present in NAD?

(a)  

Derivative of the B Vitamin pantothenic acid.

(a)  

What is the active portion of the Coenzyme A?

(a)  

Portion of an acetic acid molecule that remains after the -OH group is removed from the carboxyl carbon atom.

(a)  

An acetyl group bonds to the CoA-SH through a thioester bond to give?

(a)  

Compound that has a greater free energy of hydrolysis than that of a typical compound.

(Plural)

(a)  

Parent molecule for phosphate groups.

(a)  

Energy needed to run the human body is obtained from ingested food through a multistep process that involves several different catabolic pathways.

(a)  

Stage 1 of BEP.

(a)  

Stage of BEP that begins in the mouth, continues in the stomach, and is completed in the small intestine.

(a)  

Stage 2 of BEP.

(a)  

Stage in BEP that involves numerous reactions, some of which happens in the cytosol of cells and some in cellular mitochondria.

(a)  

In this stage of BEP, the small molecules from digestion are further oxidized and its primary product includes a 2-carbon acetyl units and NADH.

(a)  

Where does the CAC occur?

(a)  

In this stage of BEP, acetyl groups are oxidized to produce CO2 and energy.

(a)  

What is the 4th stage of BEP?

(a)  

In this stage of BEP, NADH and FADH2 supply fuel needed for the production of ATP molecules.

(a)  

Sum total of the biochemical reactions of the CAC, ETC, and oxidative phosphorylation.

(a)  

Series of biochemical reactions in which the acetyl portion of acetyl CoA is oxidized to carbon dioxide and the reduced coenzymes FADH2 and NADH are produced.

(a)  

Other term for the CAC or Kreb's Cycle.

(a)  

Who discovered the CAC?

(a)  

Where does CAC occur?

(a)  

Series of biochemical reactions in which electrons and hydrogen ions from NADH and FADH2 are passed to intermediate carriers and then ultimately react with molecular oxygen to produce water.

(a)  

In ETC, water is formed when the electrons and hydrogen ions that originate from those reactions react with?

(a)  

The enzymes and electron carriers needed for ETC are located along the?

(a)  

What happens when ATP supply is high in the CAC?

(a)  

What happens when ATP levels are low in the CAC?

(a)  

In this complex, NADH from CAC is the source of electrons. It contains more than 40 subunits including FMN and FeSP. The net result is the transfer of electrons from NADH to CoQ.

(a)  

In this complex, NADH is oxidized to NAD+ and passes 2 hydrogen ions and 2 electrons to FMN. NADH supplies 2 e- and 1 H+, while the matrix provides the other H+.

(a)  

In this compex, FMNH2 reduces Fe3+ SP to Fe2+ SP. Then Fe2+ SP is reconverted to Fe3+ SP by passing the electron to CoQ and reducing it to COQH2.

(a)  

Mobile electron carrier that is lipid-soluble and shuttles the electrons to Complex III as functions as the initial substrate.

(a)  

In this complex, COQ accepts 2 e- from Fe3+ SP and takes up 2 H+ from the mitochondrial matrix and gets reduced into CoQH2.

(a)  

Largest complex of the ETC.

(a)  

It is the smallest ETC complex.

(a)  

This complex contains only 4 subunits, including 2 FeSPs. This is where succinate is converted to fumarate.

(a)  

What does the Succinate-Coenzyme Q Reductase Complex process?

(a)  

What is the final recipient of electrons from FADH2 in Succinate-Coenzyme Q Reductase Complex?

(a)  

Complexes I and II both produce (a)   which shuttles e- to Complex III.

In this complex, FADH2 gets oxidized and releases 2 H+ and 2 e-. The 2 e- reacts with Fe3+ SP, reducing it to Fe2+ SP and gets oxidized again to Fe3+ SP.

(a)  

In this complex, CoQ picks up 2 e- from the previous process and 2 H+ from the matrix.

(a)  

Complex that contains 11 different subunits. Several FeSP proteins and cytochromes are electron carriers in this complex.

(a)  

Heme iron protein in which reversible oxidation of an iron atom occurs.

(a)  

In this complex, various cytochromes: cyt a, cyt b, cyt c, etc. differ in each other in their protein constituents, the manner in which the heme is bonded to the protein, and attachments to the heme ring.

(a)  

Which cytochrome is water-soluble?

(a)  

In this complex, because the oxidation and reduction of iron only involves 1 e-, 2 cytochrome molecules are needed to move 2 e- along the chain.

(a)  

In this complex, CoQH2 transfers e- to Fe3+ SP. Electron transfer proceeds from FeSP to Cyt B, then Cyt C1, then Cyt C.

(a)  

Complex that contains 13 subunits including 2 cytochromes.

(a)  

In this complex, the electrons flow from Cyt C to Cyt A to Cyt A3.

(a)  

In this complex, Cyt A and A3 has a copper atom associated in addition to the iron center.

(a)  

In the Cytochrome C Oxidase, these sites participate in the electron transfer in addition to the iron sites.

(a)  

In the final stage of electron transfer, the electrons from Cyt A3 and hydrogen ions combine with oxygen to form?

(a)  

What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC?

(a)  

Process by which ATP is synthesized from ADP using the energy released in the ETC. It can be coupled reactions.

(a)  

Pairs of biochemical reactions that occur concurrently in which energy released by 1 reaction is used in the other reaction.

(Plural)

(a)  

What complexes of the ETC serve as proton pumps, transferring protons from the matrix side of the inner mitochondrial membrane to the intermembrane space?

(a)  

For every 2 electrons passed through ETC, how many protons cross the inner mitochondrial membrane through Complex I?

(Number only)

(a)  

For every 2 electrons passed through ETC, how many protons pass through the Complex III and IV?

(a)  

High Concentration of Protons or Low Concentration of Protons:
Becomes the basis for the ATP synthesis.

(a)  

Each mole of NADH oxidized in the ETC, how many moles of ATP are formed?

(Number only)

(a)  

Each mole of FADH2 oxidized in the ETC, how many moles of ATP are formed?

(Number only)

(a)  

Each mole of FTP hydrolyzed in the ETC, how many moles of ATP are formed?

(Number only)

(a)  

How many molecules of ATP are produced for each acetyl CoA catabolized?

(Number only)

(a)  

More than 90% of inhaled oxygen via respiration is consumed during?

(a)  

Superoxide Ion and Hydroxyl Radicals have?

(Plural)

(a)  

Remaining O2 is converted to several highly?

(a)  

Both beneficial and problematic within the body.

(a)  

ROS formed are quickly converted to?

(Use hyphen)

(a)  

About 5% of ROS escape destruction by?

(a)  

Major family of antioxidant phytochemicals are?

(Plural)

(a)