Used to assist in the diagnosis of diseases and pathology

(a)  

A safe and painless procedure which produces pictures of the inside of the body with the use of (a)   .

• (a)   is a type of energy created when a vibrating source causes molecules within a medium to oscillate. This back-and-forth motion allows sound waves to travel

• The human body, composed of different (a)   , enables sound to propagate

• The scientific study of sound is called (a)  

• The Currie brothers recognized the:

• This is the process whereby a material, such as a crystal or element within an ultrasound transducer, generates electricity and changes shape with application of pressure

• The crystals in the transducer produce ultrasound waves

• When a transmitted Doppler sound beam (Ft) encounters red blood cells (RBCs) moving (a)   the transducer in a blood vessel

(a)   involves sending waves through water, bouncing them off objects, and detecting the return.

Displays the depth of the returning echo on the x-axis and the strength (amplitude) on the y-axis, used in echocardiography and ophthalmic ultrasound.

(a)  

• Shows the returning ultrasound signal as a dot with varying brightness based on the echo's strength, referred to as grayscale sonography.

• records the movement of structures along a single scan line, displaying depth on the y-axis and time on the x-axis.

• It is used for documenting fetal heart rates and in echocardiography

• is used to demonstrate fetal heart rate and in echocardiography as a critical part of standard protocols

• combine elements that continuously send and receive waves

• Combining B-mode, spectral, and color Doppler creates (a)  

• Additional frequencies generated by body tissues, create higher-resolution images when collected by the transducer

• Results in better quality images compared to conventional ultrasound imaging technique

• Improves contrast resolution

• Reduce clutter

• Sharpens lesion borders

• Standard images are a (a)   or two-dimensional image

• Shows three-dimensional external images that may be useful in diagnosing issues such as a cleft lip

• Both provide better qualitative and quantitative information which increases accuracy.

• is similar to 2D images but the sound waves are sent vertically and from different angles.

• Are continuously updated.

• A moving images, like watching a movie

• Utilizes real time and the image can be manipulated post processing (adjustments that can be made after the image has been captured in a cine-loop and upon playback when a study is finalized).

• Can be used for guided biopsies because the needle movement can be visualized in all several dimensions

• This includes imaging of the thyroid, scrotum, and prostate gland, and may extend to breast sonography and evaluation of external body parts using a linear transducer

• Penis, chest, painful joints or tendons, bowels, abdominal wall for hernias, and palpable masses to confirm evidence of foreign bodies

• Challenges include patient body habits, bowel gas, surgical bandages, patient preparation, intolerance, and lack of compliance

• Used alongside mammography, breast sonography differentiates between cystic and solid masses

• It employs a high-resolution, real-time linear array transducer of at least 10 MHz, often using a supine-oblique position for imaging

• Imaging is performed in transverse and longitudinal planes, or radial and antiradial planes

• Knowledge of mammography and breast pathology is crucial, and BI-RADS is often integrated into interpretation

• includes neonatal brain and spine imaging, often through the anterior fontanelle, using high-frequency linear array transducers (7-10 MHz)..

• Patient is placed prone for spine imaging

• Can be placed, prone, supine, or on the side for brain imaging

• (a)   may be scanned because of a suspicious findings on an obstetric sonogram

• once its own certification, has been replaced by the pediatric sonography certification.

• (a)   protocols are similar to adult imaging, and infants may be scanned following suspicious intrauterine findings

• This specialty evaluates joints, tendons, nerves, and muscles, and may include foreign body detection.

• Popular in sports medicine

• Evaluation of the shoulder, wrist, and knee for tendon and muscle tears can be conducted

• Can detect bleeding or fluid in muscles and or joints

• Used for percutaneous (through the skin) guidance procedures

• Transabdominal and transvaginal techniques visualize pelvic structures, with patient prep involving bladder filling for transabdominal scans- 3.5 + MHz transducer

• Transvaginal sonography offers better resolution and does not require a full bladder-5+ MHz transducer

• Saline infusion sonohysterography visualizes the endometrial lining.

  • Sterile saline is injected with a catheter, while the sonographer is scanning

• The ability to assess the endometrium and ovaries has significantly impacted fertility treatments and postmenopausal bleeding evaluation.

• Sonograms are performed at various pregnancy stages for different diagnostic purposes

• To confirm intrauterine pregnancy

• For vaginal bleeding

• If an ectopic pregnancy is suspected

• For screening secondary to high-risk clinical history findings

• Routine assessment of maternal and fetal anatomy

• Screening for genetic complications

• In the __ and __ trimesters, detailed anatomic surveys and interventional procedures like amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling are common.

• This specialization examines the fetal heart, especially when there is a family history of congenital heart defects or suspicious findings on a routine sonogram.

• examine blood vessels using PW spectral and color Doppler, often employing a 5- to 7-MHz linear transducer.

• Vessels evaluated include the arteries and veins of the arms and legs, intracranial and extracranial blood vessels, and abdominal vasculature

• Angle correction is vital for accurate measurements

• maybe direct or indirect

• use real-time 2D imaging, M-mode, and Doppler to assess heart structures and function.

• Low frequency array transducers are used

• Patient is usually placed in a left lateral decubitus or oblique position with the left arm raised above the patient’s head

• Various breathing techniques are employed to enhance visualization of the heart and reduce lung movement

• Common procedures include transthoracic echocardiograms, stress echocardiograms, and transesophageal echocardiograms

• A transesophageal echocardiogram is an (a)  

• (a)   echocardiography is similar to adult, but patient movement is a special challenge. Sedation may be required

This shows the (a)   of ultrasound

• (a)   ultrasound increases blood supply to reduce healing time, and high-intensity focused ultrasound treats fibroids or tumors.

• (a)   intensity focused ultrasound destroys tissue, such as fibroids or tumors

• (a)   -enhanced ultrasound enhances the echogenicity of vessels and improves border recognition

• uses ultrasound guidance to treat cancers with radioactive material

• evaluates a mass based on stiffness to predict if the mass is malignant or benign

• allows the ultrasound machine to communicate with the PACS system to call up previous MRI or CT scans.

• uses a miniature probe to scan the circulatory system.

• is steered by a computer system.

• offers the emergency room physician a quick and sensitive method of diagnosing abdominal trauma. (POCUS)

• has lead to higher-definition monitors and smaller computer system housing.

• Wireless

• allows the transducer to communicate with the ultrasound machine without a cord getting in the way

• MicroFlow Imaging from Philips

• xMATRIX transducer from Philips

• A non-invasive treatment for liver tumors that uses focused ultrasound waves to destroy cancerous tissue without incisions or radiation. 

• Tiny, targeted bubbles are created that mechanically disrupt and liquefy the tumor cells. This process leaves behind harmless liquid that is absorbed by the body, and the surrounding healthy tissue is generally spared. 

• Performed under anesthesia in the operating room