sovereignty- govern without external interference, authority to make laws; establish own policy and control border

legitimacy- right to rule (divine right, popular consent); consent of the governed through elections

coercive power- enforce laws and regulations, punish ppl who violate, collect taxes; police forces and military

public policy- dev and implement to address various social, econ and env issues (taxation) ; implement policy reduce poverty

citizens one place removed from actual decision making- elect representative to make decisions on their behalf

elected rep stand in place & act behalf of voters- chosen through comp. elections & responsible

free and competitive elections (sovereignty)- ensures ppl have a voice in leaders' selection, rests with citizen

effective and efficient way for political succession- orderly way to transfer power

direct election and fixed term- ensures accoutnability; us president elected through electoral college w fixed term (4)

head of state & gov- representing country internationally & leading exec. branch and making policy decisions

independence from legislature- pres cant dissolve with legislature (prevents dominating, ensures check and balance)

separation of power- exec leg & jud independent w check and balance avoid excessive power; makes, implements laws

stable executive within framework- stable exec authority; pres elected for a fixed term

unity of control, quick in decision- has authority to make policies without approval; covid 19

ensure stability- fixed term, separation of power; maintain stabil political system for 4 years

secure effectiveness- authority & responsibility; well organized cabinet w clear responsibilities

divide gov into tight compartments- separation between branches lack of cooperation; pm and cab part of legislative

occasional deadlocks between branches- diff political parties causes difficulty; pm and majority cab same political party

no coordination between exc and leg; pm member of parliament allowing closer cooperation

extreme rigidity- directly elected for a fixed term; pm can be removed (vote of mo confidence). allows changes in leadership

role of head of state is nominal- ceremonial fhead w limited power; ydpa hos appointing pm and dissolving parliament

essential to have an apparent existence of a party posses majority seats- stable, bn majority for years

ministries in parliamentary systems r'ponsible to the legislative; ministries are accountable to the parliament

one level of intermediary between political parties are needed- principle like justice to ind and tolerance should be taken

exec divided into real & nominal- ydpa ceremonial role & pm responsible governance

head of state appoints head of gov- after election, ydpa appoints leader of majority as pm

head of gov appoints the ministry- collective responsibility; pm appoints to form the cabinet for portfolios (finance,health)

principle of fusion of power- dual membership, members in leg & exec

secures great utility to small states w/o losing rights and sov- allowinh efficient decision making & policy implementation

federal state stronger epsly- allows regional development; economic growth and social progress

encourages local initiative- authority to implement policies abt local need; local innovation

uniformity of regulations by the federal- national standards and regulations; consistency, promotes efficient gov

power struggle btween parliamentary members- shifting support; m'sia exp instability (shifting party alliances)

unstable majority wins- uncertainty

expensive- funding elections

complex gov- leg process

2 sets of gov (cent-national level matters like defense,currency and regional like education adn infrastructure)

division of power- const of a federal state; ensure specific areas of authority

constitution as supreme law- highest law; any legislation enacted must be in conformity w const; invalid if contra

judicial review- independent judiciary w power of judicial review; allows courts interpret const and determine laws are const

mixures of many cultural and political units- diverse cultures and political interests; rich cultural exchange and solutions

suitable for large countries- diverse populations; maintaining national unity

division of functions- cent and regional gov; national and local controlled efficiently

prevents despotism- prevents concentration of powers towards a single individual; reduce risk of authoritianism

weak gov- power divided multiple levels; hinder implementation of policies& inconsistencies

unnecessary delay & wastage energy- inefficiency; require approval

expensive forms of gov- need to maintain separate administrative structure

duplication of services- inefficiencies & increased costs

centralized authority- all formal power concentrated at the national level; sub national doesnt have independent power

delegated powers- sub national units exercise only power that are delegated

central control- cent gov has authority to abolish boundaries of sub national units; ensure central gov maintains control

central supremacy- actions & policies of the central gov take precedence over sub national

easy replication- policies & resources can be easily replicated across entire country; consistent

suitable for smaller country- less diverse

flexible resource allocation- basedo n changing needs & priorities

responsible government- implement policies efficiently

centralized d-making - made by small group of people (excluding voices and needs of citiizens)

unfair treatment of regions- may feel neglected /treated unfairly; prioritize capital needs

neglect of local needs- may not be responsive to special needs; local issues may not be considered sufficiently urgent

overburdened central gov- overwhelmed with numerous local issues; cant focus