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WorksheetsBCA- HBS Semester 1 Final
Total questions: 48
Worksheet time: 48mins
What is the difference between tendons and ligaments?
tendons connect bones to bones; ligaments connect muscle to bones
tendons connect muscles to bones; ligaments connect bones to bones
tendons and ligaments both connect muscles to bones
tendons are elastic; ligaments are not
What is a muscle contraction?
relaxation of muscle fibers
lengthening of muscle fibers
growth of muscle tissue
shortening of muscle fibers to produce movement
What two molecules are required for muscle contraction?
ATP and sodium
glucose and potassium
oxygen and carbon dioxide
sodium and magnesium
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
skeletal, cardiac, and voluntary
voluntary, involuntary, and cardiac
involuntary, skeletal, and smooth
What is a sarcomere?
a single muscle cell
a bundle of myofibrils
the smallest contractile unit of a muscle fiber
a type of muscle tissue
How many sarcomeres are found on one muscle fiber?
one
hundreds
thousands
millions
What is the sliding filament theory?
muscles contract when acting and myosin shorten
muscles contract when acting and myosin slide past each other
muscles contract when ATP levels drop
muscles contract when calcium leaves the muscle fiber
What is the role of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine?
it inhabits muscle contraction
it binds to actin and myosin
it breaks down ATP
it triggers the release of calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
What happens when calcium binds to troponin?
tropomyosin shifts, exposing actin's binding sites
troponin blocks actin
the muscle relaxes
calcium deactivates the sarcomere
Do actin and myosin shorten during a contraction?
yes, they both shorten
no, they remain the same length
only actin shortens
only myosin shortens
What causes a muscle cramp? (select all)
lack of oxygen
dehydration
imbalance of electrolytes
excess ATP
excess calcium
What does a physiatrist specialize in? (select all)
neurology
surgery
rehabilitation
orthopedics
physical medicine
What is a muscle strain?
a partial or complete tear of a muscle
a spasm in a muscle
overgrowth of muscle fibers
lack of muscle use
What is a myofibril?
a bundle of muscle fibers
a thread-like structure in muscle fibers containing sarcomeres
a type of connective tissue
a nerve ending
A bundle of muscle fibers makes up a.....
myofibril
fascicle
sarcomere
tendon
What wraps around a fascicle?
epimysium
sarcolemma
endomysium
perimysium
The connective tissue endomysium surrounds.....
a muscle fiber
a myofibril
a bundle of fascicles
the entire muscle
Where is the epimysium found?
surrounding individual muscle fibers
surrounding fascicles
surrounding the entire muscle
between sarcomeres
What are the six muscle rules?
must have at least 2 attachments + must cross at least 1 joint; always "pull" to get shorter; attachment that moves= insertion and attachment that's stationary= origin; decrease the angle between ventral surfaces of body=flexors and increase= extensors; muscles work in opposing pairs; striations point to attachments and show direction of pull
must have at least 2 attachments + must cross at least 1 joint; always "pull" to get shorter; attachment that moves= insertion and attachment that's stationary= origin; decrease the angle between ventral surfaces of body=flexors and increase= extensors; muscles work in opposing pairs; every muscle has two fibers
must have at least 2 attachments + must cross at least 1 joint; always "pull" to get shorter; attachment that moves= insertion and attachment that's stationary= origin; decrease the angle between ventral surfaces of body=flexors and increase= extensors; muscles only contract once a day; striations point to attachments and show direction of pull
must have at least 2 attachments + must cross at least 1 joint; always "pull" to get shorter; attachment that moves= insertion and attachment that's stationary= origin; all muscles operate involuntarily; muscles work in opposing pairs; striations point to attachments and show direction of pull
How are muscles named?
based on chemical composition, size, and location
based on nerve stimulation
randomly
based on size, shape, and location
Where are the intercostal muscles located?
abdomen
between the ribs
back
shoulder
What indicates the direction of muscle contraction?
the color of the muscle
the shape of the muscle fibers
the amount of ATP in the muscle
the type of connective tissue
What rules help in building muscles?
apply progressive overload
avoid stretching
use ATP consistently
increase sarcomere length
What causes muscle fatigue? (select all)
too much ATP
excess calcium
lack of oxygen
dehydration
build-up of lactic acid
How can you overcome muscle fatigue?
keep exercising
contract the muscles more
rest and replenish electrolytes
increase calcium intake
What is an EKG?
a test for heart rate
a brain scan
a test for muscle contraction strength
a measure of nerve activity
What is the purpose of an EMG?
analyze heart rate
detect blood pressure
monitor electrical activity in muscles
measure oxygen levels
What are the three types of joints?
hinge, ball-and-socket, pivot
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
synovial, immovable, fibrous
shoulder, knee, elbow
Which joint has the greatest movement?
hinge
saddle
pivot
ball-and-socket
What is the difference between rotation and circumduction?
rotation is a circular movement; circumduction is a straight movement
rotation is the movement around an axis; circumduction is a circular movement of a limb
both are the same
rotation is found only in synovial joints
What is the difference between abduction and adduction?
abduction moves a limb away from the midline; adduction moves it toward the midline
abduction moves a limb toward the midline; adduction moves it away
both involve moving limbs upward
both involve rotating limbs
What is plantar flexion?
bending the foot upward
pointing the toes downward
flexing the knee
extending the arm
What are the six types of synovial joints?
hinge, ball-and-socket, saddle, fused, fibrous, pivot
cartilaginous, fibrous, hinge, pivot, plane (gliding), condyloid
fixed, pivot, saddle, hinge, plane (gliding), condyloid
hinge, ball-and-socket, pivot, saddle, plane (gliding), condyloid
What are the three types of cartilage and where are they found?
elastic (ear), fibrocartilage (spine), hyaline (joints)
hyaline (ear), elastic (spine), fibrocartilage (joints)
fibrous (ear), hyaline (spine), elastic (joints)
fibrocartilage (ear), elastic (joints), hyaline (spine)
What are two differences between a cow elbow and a human elbow?
cow elbows rotate; human elbows do not
human elbows extend farther; cow elbows are immovable
cows elbows have more muscles; human elbows have none
human elbows have more cartilage; cow elbows are larger
What does ROM stand for?
Range of Motion
Range of Movement
Repetitive Organ Motion
Restoring Organ Muscles
What is a goniometer used for?
measuring muscle strength
testing flexibility
measuring joint angles
diagnosing muscle tears
What is the ACL's function in the knee?
stabilizes the shinbone from sliding forward
protects the knee from side-to-side movement
allows rotation of the knee
prevents hyperextension
What happens during knee varus?
knees collapse inward
knee hyperextend
knee bow outward
knee flex beyond normal
What are the functions of kinesiology tape? (select all)
relieve pain
reduce swelling and inflammation
immobilizes joints
provides support to joints and muscles
strengthens tendons
What are mechanoreceptors?
receptors that transmit pain
receptors that sense mechanical pressure
receptors that regulate hormones
receptors that measure electrical signals
Who performs knee surgeries?
cardiologist
physiatrist
orthopedic surgeon
neurologist
What is tetanus?
a viral infection
a form of arthritis
a bacterial infection that causes muscle spasms
a disease of the nervous system
What is another name for tetanus?
Lockjaw
Muscle fatigue
Stiff joint disease
Spasm disorder
How can you get tetanus?
by drinking contaminated water
through deep wounds or cuts contaminated with bacteria
by inhaling airborne bacteria
through exposure to animal bites
How is tetanus treated if contracted? (not the cure as tetanus cannot be cured)
antibiotics and muscle relaxers
painkillers and ice packs
vaccination after infection
surgery to remove infected tissue
How does the tetanus vaccine work?
it kills the bacteria that cause tetanus
it introduces weakened bacteria to build immunity
it eliminates the toxins form the body
it provides antibodies that neutralize the toxin
What does HIPPA focus on?
regulating hospital performance
limiting insurance coverage
protecting patients' mental health information and medical privacy
developing new vaccines
