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GEOL 11 (Ch 9-13)

Total questions: 146

Worksheet time: 2hrs 35mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

Downslope movement of materials - rocks, regolith, and soil - under gravity influence.

(a)  

2.

Force of gravity is divided into 2 components - normal to surface and tangential to it

a)

Geologic Features

b)

Slope

c)

Water

d)

Soil Cover

3.

Acts as lubricant to cause mass movement downslope. Surface tension can hold grains together, but too much can remove grain-to-grain contact.

a)

Geologic Features

b)

Slope

c)

Water

d)

Soil Cover

4.

When soil is more unconsolidated, water can percolate down and come in contact with bedrock to act as sliding plane.

a)

Geologic Features

b)

Slope

c)

Water

d)

Soil Cover

5.

Joints and fractures of a rock and the presence of bedding planes.

a)

Geologic Features

b)

Slope

c)

Water

d)

Soil Cover

6.

Slope direction is the same as planar features.

(a)  

7.

Mass wasting triggers

a)

Excessive Rainfall

b)

Loud noise

c)

Ground Shaking

d)

Hot weather

8.

Sudden movement of rock separated along fractures/bedding planes. No fluidity, only bouncing

a)

Flow

b)

Slides

c)

Slumps

d)

Fall

e)

Topple

9.

Blocks fall over as a unit

a)

Spread and subsidence

b)

Slides

c)

Slumps

d)

Fall

e)

Topple

10.

Blocks slide down pre-existing plane such as foliated surface or joint

a)

Spread and subsidence

b)

Slides

c)

Slumps

d)

Fall

e)

Flow

11.

Downward rotation of rock/regolith along concave surface

a)

Spread and subsidence

b)

Slides

c)

Slumps

d)

Fall

e)

Flow

12.

Rocks behave in a fluid manner and move rapidly

a)

Spread and subsidence

b)

Slides

c)

Slumps

d)

Fall

e)

Flow

13.

Uplift and rupture

a)

Spread and subsidence

b)

Slides

c)

Slumps

d)

Fall

e)

Flow

14.

Very slow motion with continuous regolith downslope

a)

Debris flow

b)

Grain flow

c)

Creep

d)

Solifluction

e)

Earth flow

15.

Produces lobes where the soil remains saturated with water for long periods of time

a)

Debris flow

b)

Grain flow

c)

Creep

d)

Solifluction

e)

Earth flow

16.

Fine-grained materials that have fluid motion. Oozes rather than rushes, and forms lobes rather than long streams

a)

Debris flow

b)

Grain flow

c)

Mudflows

d)

Debris Avalanche

e)

Earth flow

17.

Caused by water saturation of soil and regolith. Slumps then flows downhill forming lobes with irregular surface.

a)

Debris flow

b)

Grain flow

c)

Mudflows

d)

Debris Avalanche

e)

Earth flow

18.

Relatively dry material in a steep slope. Slow disturbance causes movement.

a)

Debris flow

b)

Grain flow

c)

Mudflows

d)

Debris Avalanche

e)

Earth flow

19.

High fluids, high velocity, mix of sedimentary and water, soup-like or wet concrete

a)

Debris flow

b)

Grain flow

c)

Mudflows

d)

Debris Avalanche

e)

Earth flow

20.

Complete collapse of a mountainous slope

a)

Debris flow

b)

Grain flow

c)

Mudflows

d)

Debris Avalanche

e)

Earth flow

21.

Occurs when rock crosses threshold from ductile to brittle. Caused by sudden movement or slippage of large volume of a rock.

(a)  

22.

Origin of an Earthquake at depth

a)

Center

b)

Epicenter

c)

Focus

d)

Eye

23.

Point at the surface of the Earth directly above the focus

a)

Center

b)

Epicenter

c)

Focus

d)

Eye

24.

The movement of a fault for the past million years cannot be determined.

a)

True

b)

False

25.

Theory that states that earthquakes originate from the build up of strain, rupture slippage, and release of energy

(a)  

26.

Energy released during earthquakes

(a)  

27.

Faster and less energetic seismic waves.

a)

Body waves

b)

Surface waves

c)

Primary Waves

d)

Secondary Waves

28.

Seismic waves that travel to the surface with higher amplitude.

a)

Body waves

b)

Surface waves

c)

Primary Waves

d)

Secondary Waves

29.

Faster body waves that travel through solids and liquids in a push-pull manner

a)

Rayleigh waves

b)

Love waves

c)

Primary Waves

d)

Secondary Waves

30.

Body waves that travel through solids in transverse directions

a)

Rayleigh waves

b)

Love waves

c)

Primary Waves

d)

Secondary Waves

31.

Surface waves that move in cyclical up and down

a)

Rayleigh waves

b)

Love waves

c)

Primary Waves

d)

Secondary Waves

32.

Surface waves that move in cyclical side to side

a)

Rayleigh waves

b)

Love waves

c)

Primary Waves

d)

Secondary Waves

33.

Study of earthquake waves

(a)  

34.

Instrument that records earthquakes producing records of movements

(a)  

35.

The produced record of movement of earthquake waves

(a)  

36.

We can estimate the location of the epicenter using the time between the first P wave and first S wave.

a)

True

b)

False

37.

Earthquake caused by deformation of Earth's lithosphere

a)

Volcanic Earthquake

b)

Tectonic Earthquake

c)

Human Activity

38.

Movement of magma causes rock fractures

a)

Volcanic Earthquake

b)

Tectonic Earthquake

c)

Human Activity

39.

Small magnitude earthquakes caused by dams, fracking

a)

Volcanic Earthquake

b)

Tectonic Earthquake

c)

Human Activity

40.

Qualitative scale on how much the Earthquake was felt by people based on amount of damage

a)

Strength

b)

Extensity

c)

Intensity

d)

Magnitude

41.

Amount of energy released by an earthquake by measuring amplitude of largest seismic wave recorded.

a)

Strength

b)

Extensity

c)

Intensity

d)

Magnitude

42.

Standard measure for an Earthquake's intensity

a)

Modified Mercali Intensity Scale

b)

Richter Scale

c)

Philippine Earthquake Intensity Scale

d)

Richter Intensity Scale

43.

Standard measure for an Earthquake's magnitude

a)

Modified Mercali Intensity Scale

b)

Richter Scale

c)

Mercali Magnitude Scale

d)

Richter Intensity Scale

44.

Farther from sources > ____ wavelength > felt by _____ buildings

(a)  

45.

near source > ____ wavelength > felt by _____ buildings

(a)  

46.

Longer shaking and closer to source :

a)

Lower seismic wave amplitude

b)

Higher seismic wave amplitude

c)

Higher intensity

d)

Lower intensity

47.

Shaking may cause loose, saturated sediments to swallow structures during earthquakes

(a)  

48.

Waves caused by displacement of large volume of water due to offshore earthquakes

(a)  

49.

Areas that may be collecting stress

(a)  

50.

Tiny earthquakes happening before the main shock

(a)  

51.

Change undergone by existing rock in solid state to another rock

(a)  

52.

Parent rock in metamorphism

a)

Pluton

b)

Protolith

c)

Batholith

d)

Laccolith

53.

Lower limit of metamorphism : ____ : transformation of sediments to sedimentary rocks : >150C at 1-2 Kb

a)

Solidification

b)

Diagenesis

c)

Melting

d)

Recrystallization

54.

Lower limit of metamorphism : ____ : partial ____ is in 5% of rock mass to be considered metamorphic

a)

Solidification

b)

Diagenesis

c)

Melting

d)

Recrystallization

55.

Agents of metamorphism (H, P, D, C)

(a)  

56.

Natural increase in temperature and pressure deeper in Earth

a)

Intrusive bodies

b)

Geothermal Gradient

c)

Radioactive decay

57.

Magma drives metamorphism

a)

Intrusive bodies

b)

Geothermal Gradient

c)

Radioactive decay

58.

Nuclear fusion provides enough heat to melt energy

a)

Intrusive bodies

b)

Geothermal Gradient

c)

Radioactive decay

59.

Equal stress in all directions deeper into the Earth as it is heated up and pressure is increased

a)

Local Pressure

b)

Confining Pressure

c)

Differential Stress

d)

Adiabatic Pressure

60.

Unequal pressure in different directions from collision zones causing foliation

a)

Local Pressure

b)

Confining Pressure

c)

Differential Stress

d)

Adiabatic Pressure

61.

[Chemically Active Fluids] Fluids in ____ ____ of original rock

(a)  

62.

[Chemically Active Fluids] From (a)   of hydrated fluids

63.

[Chemically Active Fluids] Water from (a)   bodies

64.

Fluids transport mineral matter from one to another

(a)  

65.

Small volume of metamorphism (<300 km3) from intrusive body and those surrounding it or fluids passing through

a)

Local Metamorphism

b)

Contact Metamorphism

c)

Regional Metamorphism

d)

Dynamic Metamorphism

66.

Thousands of kilometers of metamorphism from differential stress

a)

Local Metamorphism

b)

Contact Metamorphism

c)

Regional Metamorphism

d)

Dynamic Metamorphism

67.

Temperature is dominant. Happens at shallow depths and low pressure. The rock is heated up and magma recrystallizes. Produces non-foliated and fine-grained rocks.

a)

Contact Metamorphism

b)

Static Metamorphism

c)

Dynamic Metamorphism

68.

Deviatoric stress is dominant and can be local or regional. Rocks cut along a fault zone resulting in a pulverized rock.

a)

Contact Metamorphism

b)

Static Metamorphism

c)

Dynamic Metamorphism

69.

Pressure is dominant. Occurs at depth in regional scale. Massive amount accumulates in subsiding basin. Low grade metamorphism in deepest layers.

a)

Contact Metamorphism

b)

Static Metamorphism

c)

Dynamic Metamorphism

70.

Pulverized rock from deviatoric stress that is ductile and in depth

a)

Fault brittle

b)

Mylonite

c)

Fault gouge

d)

Fault breccia

71.

More powdered shallow pulverized rock

a)

Fault brittle

b)

Mylonite

c)

Fault gouge

d)

Fault breccia

72.

Less powdered shallow pulverized rock

a)

Fault brittle

b)

Mylonite

c)

Fault gouge

d)

Fault breccia

73.

Pulverized rock is already very white

a)

Fault brittle

b)

Mylonite

c)

Fault gouge

d)

Fault breccia

74.

Hot ion-rich fluids circulating through fissures and cracks in rocks

a)

Regional metamorphism

b)

Contact metamorphism

c)

Dynamothermal metamorphism

d)

Hydrothermal metamorphism

75.

Large segments of crust are deformed and majority is formed during mountain building

a)

Regional metamorphism

b)

Contact metamorphism

c)

Dynamothermal metamorphism

d)

Hydrothermal metamorphism

76.

Chemical makeup of parent rock controls chemical composition of metamorphic rock

a)

True

b)

False

77.

No change in bulk chemistry of rock - occurs in all metamorphic processes except metasomatism

a)

Allochemical

b)

Alloy

c)

Isochemical

d)

Iso

78.

No change in bulk chemistry of rock - occurs in all metamorphic processes except metasomatism

a)

Allochemical

b)

Alloy

c)

Isochemical

d)

Iso

79.

Mineral assemblage present in metamorphic rock

a)

Mineralogy

b)

Texture

c)

Protolith

80.

Size, shape, and relationship of minerals in metamorphic rocks

a)

Mineralogy

b)

Texture

c)

Protolith

81.

Pervasive planar structure formed due to nearly parallel alignment of minerals

a)

Non-foliated

b)

Foliated

c)

Stratified

d)

Non-stratified

82.

No preferred orientation as one mineral transforms to another

a)

Non-foliated

b)

Foliated

c)

Stratified

d)

Non-stratified

83.

Relative temperature and pressure under which metamorphic rocks form

(a)  

84.

Minerals stable at lower temperature are only partially replaced by those stable at higher temperature (higher temp, larger grain size, less fluids)

(a)  

85.

Incomplete replacement of minerals stable at high temperature by those stable at lower temperature (lower temp, lower pressure)

(a)  

86.

Set of rocks representing full range of possible chemistries within limited range of metamorphic conditions

(a)  

87.

Metamorphism at 3.5 kb & 300°C of Marble

a)

calcite

b)

dolomite

c)

quartz

d)

chlorite

e)

feldspar

88.

Metamorphism at 3.5 kb & 300°C of Metabasalt

a)

chlorite

b)

albite

c)

actinolite

d)

epidote

e)

quartz

89.

Metamorphism at 3.5 kb & 300°C of Pelitic schist

a)

quartz

b)

albite

c)

chlorite

d)

muscovite

e)

garnet

90.

Changes in shape, size, and orientation of rock body

(a)  

91.

Force that deforms rocks

a)

Stress

b)

Strain

c)

Strength

d)

Strata

92.

Deformation of the rock

a)

Stress

b)

Strain

c)

Strength

d)

Strata

93.

Small deformation will cause rock to return to original shape when stress is removed

(a)  

94.

Larger deformations that produce permanent mountains and faults

(a)  

95.

What type of stress is shown in the photo?

a)

Compressional

b)

Tensional

c)

Shear

96.

What type of stress is shown in the photo?

a)

Compressional

b)

Tensional

c)

Shear

97.

What type of stress is shown in the photo?

a)

Compressional

b)

Tensional

c)

Shear

98.

Azimuth of the line formed by intersection of a layer interface or bedding plane with the horizontal

(a)  

99.

Angle between the layer interface or bedding plane and the horizontal measured perpendicular to the strike direction

(a)  

100.

Imaginary surface that divides a fold as symmetrically as possible

a)

Axial plane

b)

Fold Axis

c)

Limbs

101.

Line made by the length-wise intersection of the plane with beds in the fold

a)

Axial plane

b)

Fold Axis

c)

Limbs

102.

Correspond to the two sides of an anticline or syncline

a)

Axial plane

b)

Fold Axis

c)

Limbs

103.

What type of fold is shown in the photo?

a)

Symmetrical

b)

Asymmetrical

c)

Overturned

104.

What type of fold is shown in the photo?

a)

Symmetrical

b)

Asymmetrical

c)

Overturned

105.

What type of fold is shown in the photo?

a)

Symmetrical

b)

Asymmetrical

c)

Overturned

106.

What type of limbs are shown in the photo?

a)

Monocline

b)

Syncline

c)

Anticline

d)

Overturned

107.

What type of limbs are shown in the photo?

a)

Monocline

b)

Syncline

c)

Anticline

d)

Overturned

108.

What type of limbs are shown in the photo?

a)

Monocline

b)

Syncline

c)

Anticline

d)

Overturned

109.

What type of limbs are shown in the photo?

a)

Monocline

b)

Syncline

c)

Anticline

d)

Overturned

110.

Break in the rocks

(a)  

111.

Fractures with no appreciable displacement

(a)  

112.

Fractures with appreciable displacement

(a)  

113.

Leftwards strike slip

a)

Dextral

b)

Sinistral

c)

Normal

d)

Reverse

114.

Rightwards strike slip

a)

Dextral

b)

Sinistral

c)

Normal

d)

Reverse

115.

What type of fault is shown?

a)

Strike-slip

b)

Thrust

c)

Normal

d)

Reverse

116.

What type of fault is shown?

a)

Strike-slip

b)

Thrust

c)

Normal

d)

Reverse

117.

What type of fault is shown?

a)

Strike-slip

b)

Thrust

c)

Normal

d)

Reverse

118.

What type of fault is shown?

a)

Strike-slip

b)

Thrust

c)

Normal

d)

Reverse

119.

Deals with the origin of the Earth and its development through time

(a)  

120.

Remains or traces of prehistoric life preserved in sedimentary rocks

(a)  

121.

Requirements for preservation of fossils

a)

Rapid burial

b)

Protective cover or preserving medium

c)

Hard parts or durable tissues such as shells, bones, teeth and woody tissues

d)

Melted rocks to host fossils

e)

Carbon coating on fossils

122.

Preserve soft tissues by:

a)

Radioactive wrap

b)

Mummification

c)

Burrowing

d)

Freezing

123.

Soft tissues preserved as thin carbon film

a)

Carbonization

b)

Recrystallization

c)

Replacement

d)

Permineralization

124.

Conversion of a mineral to another

a)

Carbonization

b)

Recrystallization

c)

Replacement

d)

Permineralization

125.

Dissolution of original material & precipitation of new mineral

a)

Carbonization

b)

Recrystallization

c)

Replacement

d)

Permineralization

126.

Porous material filled with secondary materials

a)

Carbonization

b)

Recrystallization

c)

Replacement

d)

Permineralization

127.

Evidence of life in the form of tracks, burrows, gastroliths, coprolites etc.

a)

Ichnofossils

b)

Mold & Cast

c)

Hard Parts

128.

Dissolution and Refilling

a)

Ichnofossils

b)

Mold & Cast

c)

Hard Parts

129.

Usually shells, bone, teeth or pollen

a)

Ichnofossils

b)

Mold & Cast

c)

Hard Parts

130.

Which is the correct order?

a)

Age > Eon > Era > Epoch > Period

b)

Eon > Era > Period > Age > Epoch

c)

Eon > Era > Period > Epoch > Age

d)

Era > Eon > Epoch > Age > Period

131.

[Steno's Law] The oldest layer will lie below or underneath the youngest

a)

Law of superposition

b)

Law of original horizontality

c)

Law of lateral continuity

d)

Law of cross-cutting

132.

[Steno's Law] Layers of sediments are deposited by gravity into flat, horizontal or sub-horizontal layers

a)

Law of superposition

b)

Law of original horizontality

c)

Law of lateral continuity

d)

Law of cross-cutting

133.

[Steno's Law] Rock layers will extend outwards until the environment that produces

a)

Law of superposition

b)

Law of original horizontality

c)

Law of lateral continuity

d)

Law of cross-cutting

134.

[Steno's Law] If a rock is cut by a fault or igneous intrusion, the cut one must be older than the one that cuts.

a)

Law of superposition

b)

Law of original horizontality

c)

Law of lateral continuity

d)

Law of cross-cutting

135.

In inclusions, the included body is older than the host body.

a)

True

b)

False

136.

Breaks in the deposition of the rock indicating geologically long periods of non-deposition or erosion

(a)  

137.

Overlying strata that has a different strike and dip characteristics than the underlying bed

a)

Angular unconformities

b)

Nonconformity

c)

Disconformity

d)

Paraconformity

138.

Igneous or metamorphic rocks overlain by a sedimentary unit and separated by an erosional surfaces

a)

Angular unconformities

b)

Nonconformity

c)

Disconformity

d)

Paraconformity

139.

Flat lying sedimentary rocks overlain by another sedimentary unit and separated by an erosional surface

a)

Angular unconformities

b)

Nonconformity

c)

Disconformity

d)

Paraconformity

140.

Surface of non deposition separating two parallel units of sedimentary

a)

Angular unconformities

b)

Nonconformity

c)

Disconformity

d)

Paraconformity

141.

Will Smith states that fossil organisms succeed one another in a definite and determinable order, and therefore any time period can be recognized by its fossil content

(a)  

142.

Pinpoints the time in years when an event occurred

(a)  

143.

Technique used to date materials such as rocks, usually based on a comparison between naturally occurring radioactive isotope and its decay products using decay rates

(a)  

144.

Length of time required for one-half of the nuclei of a radioactive isotope to decay

(a)  

145.

Long period of little evolutionary change punctuated by rare and geologically rapid events

(a)  

146.

Most speciation is slow, uniform and gradual

(a)  

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