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WorksheetsFCoDS Final
Total questions: 130
Worksheet time: 43mins
Name
Class
Date
1.
What does RSA stand for?
a)
Rivest-Shamir-Adleman
b)
Random-Symmetric-Algorithm
c)
Real-Security-Algorithm
d)
Rivest-Symmetric-Algorithm
2.
What is the primary purpose of RSA in cryptography?
a)
Key management
b)
Public-key encryption
c)
Hashing
d)
Data compression
3.
What type of keys are generated in RSA?
a)
Symmetric keys
b)
Private keys only
c)
Public and private key pair
d)
Session keys
4.
What is the role of BN_new() in the OpenSSL library?
a)
Deletes a BIGNUM variable
b)
Initializes a BIGNUM variable
c)
Multiplies two numbers
d)
Generates a random prime number
5.
What is the purpose of the private key in RSA?
a)
Encrypt data
b)
Verify digital signatures
c)
Decrypt data
d)
Generate a random number
6.
What is the output of the BN_mod_exp() function in OpenSSL?
a)
a + b mod n
b)
a * b mod n
c)
a^b mod n
d)
None of the above
7.
What is the primary function of Euler's totient function in RSA?
a)
To encrypt messages
b)
To determine the public key
c)
To calculate the number of integers relatively prime to n
d)
To verify digital signatures
8.
How is modular arithmetic essential in RSA?
a)
It enables random number generation
b)
It ensures efficient key exchange
c)
It allows encryption and decryption calculations
d)
It validates digital signatures
9.
What is the length extension attack?
a)
Altering the hash function to extend its bit length
b)
Generating a valid hash for extended messages
c)
Modifying input to increase hash size
d)
Combining two hash functions for a longer output
10.
Which data type is used in OpenSSL for handling large numbers in RSA?
a)
BIGINTEGER
b)
BN_CTX
c)
BIGNUM
d)
BN_DECIMAL
11.
What is the main challenge of symmetric key encryption?
a)
Generating large keys
b)
Securely exchanging the secret key
c)
Implementing encryption algorithms
d)
Verifying the authenticity of keys
12.
What is the main purpose of using padding schemes like OAEP in RSA encryption?
a)
To improve the speed of encryption.
b)
To make the encryption process deterministic.
c)
To prevent attacks such as ciphertext guessing and chosen plaintext attacks.
d)
To replace the need for cryptographic hash functions.
13.
What is the primary use of public-key cryptography in HTTPS?
a)
Encrypting the entire communication
b)
Verifying passwords
c)
Exchanging a secret session key securely
d)
Generating certificates
14.
What is a primary application of one-way hash functions in blockchain?
a)
Encrypting transactions
b)
Timestamping records
c)
Managing distributed ledgers
d)
Creating digital signatures
15.
Which algorithm is recommended for secure hashing?
a)
MD5
b)
SHA-1
c)
SHA-256
d)
DES
16.
What is the primary goal of digital signatures in cryptography?
a)
Encrypting sensitive information
b)
Providing authenticity and integrity of digital documents
c)
Establishing a shared key
d)
Increasing encryption speed
17.
What is the output size of the SHA-256 algorithm?
a)
128 bits
b)
256 bits
c)
512 bits
d)
1024 bits
18.
What does an attacker rely on in a Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) attack?
a)
Decrypting public keys
b)
Intercepting communication between parties
c)
Exploiting secure channels
d)
Hacking into the CA’s system
19.
What ensures the integrity of a message in public key-based digital signatures?
a)
The use of symmetric key encryption.
b)
The cryptographic hash function applied to the message.
c)
The private key used for encryption.
d)
The public key used for decryption.
20.
What is the primary drawback of textbook RSA encryption?
a)
It is not deterministic
b)
It lacks randomness, making it vulnerable to attacks
c)
It cannot encrypt long messages
d)
It does not support hybrid encryption
21.
What is the primary purpose of a digital certificate?
a)
Encrypting messages for secure communication
b)
Certifying that a public key belongs to a specific identity
c)
Storing confidential data
d)
Managing user accounts
22.
What is the main feature of an Extended Validation (EV) certificate?
a)
It requires domain control validation only
b)
It costs less than DV certificates
c)
It validates legal and physical details of the organization
d)
It does not involve third-party verification
23.
What is the role of hash functions in password authentication?
a)
Encrypting passwords
b)
Validating password hashes
c)
Generating random passwords
d)
Salting passwords
24.
What is the purpose of a Certificate Authority (CA) in PKI?
a)
Issues digital certificates to verify ownership of public keys
b)
Encrypts data
c)
Generates private keys for users
d)
Hosts web servers
25.
What type of message does RSA encrypt in this lab?
a)
Binary
b)
Hexadecimal
c)
ASCII text converted to hexadecimal
d)
Plain ASCII text
26.
What is the primary function of digital certificates in secure communications?
a)
To verify the identity of a party in communication
b)
To encrypt all messages exchanged
c)
To generate random keys for encryption
d)
To store sensitive data securely
27.
What is the main feature of hash-based Message Authentication Codes (HMAC)?
a)
Collision resistance
b)
Use of a secret key
c)
Fast computation
d)
Irreversibility
28.
What does SAN stand for in X.509 certificates?
a)
Secure Alternative Names
b)
Server Authentication Network
c)
Subject Alternative Name
d)
Subdomain Authentication Namespace
29.
What is a significant drawback of MD5 as a hashing algorithm?
a)
It is too slow for modern use cases
b)
It is vulnerable to collision attacks
c)
It cannot be used with TLS
d)
It requires symmetric keys
30.
What does the 'Common Name' (CN) field in a certificate specify?
a)
The encryption algorithm used
b)
The domain name or entity the certificate represents
c)
The public key size
d)
The issuer's country
31.
What command is used to create a symbolic link for CA certificates?
a)
openssl x509 -new
b)
openssl s_client
c)
ln -s
d)
openssl req
32.
What is the purpose of a digital signature in cryptography?
a)
To encrypt sensitive information
b)
To provide authenticity and integrity of digital documents
c)
To establish a shared key
d)
To increase encryption speed
33.
What happens during a hash collision?
a)
Two different messages produce the same hash
b)
A hash is reversible
c)
The hash function becomes key-dependent
d)
The algorithm crashes
34.
What command is used to generate a private/public key pair in OpenSSL?
a)
openssl genrsa
b)
openssl x509
c)
openssl sign
d)
openssl ca
35.
What is the primary purpose of a one-way hash function?
a)
Encrypting messages
b)
Mapping data of arbitrary size to fixed size
c)
Compressing data
d)
Generating random numbers
36.
What is the primary purpose of the Diffie-Hellman key exchange?
a)
To encrypt messages
b)
To establish a shared secret key over an insecure channel
c)
To verify digital signatures
d)
To increase computation speed
37.
What is the default HTTPS port for web servers?
a)
443
b)
80
c)
22
d)
8080
38.
What algorithm is used for signing digital certificates?
a)
RSA
b)
SHA-1
c)
MD5
d)
DES
39.
Which of the following is a primary advantage of using public key cryptography for authentication over password-based methods?
a)
Public keys are easier to remember than passwords.
b)
Password-based methods do not support encryption.
c)
Public key cryptography eliminates the need for shared secrets.
d)
It increases the speed of authentication.
40.
What is the command used to verify a certificate chain?
a)
openssl x509 -verify
b)
openssl verify -verbose
c)
openssl genrsa -ca
d)
openssl hash-check
41.
What is the output of the SHA-1 algorithm?
a)
128 bits
b)
160 bits
c)
256 bits
d)
512 bits
42.
What is the primary purpose of using hybrid encryption in secure communications?
a)
To combine the speed of symmetric encryption with the security of asymmetric encryption
b)
To provide a method for securely exchanging symmetric keys
c)
To encrypt all communications using public key cryptography
d)
To simplify the encryption process by using a single algorithm
43.
What is the main security feature of the Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange?
a)
The use of public keys for encryption.
b)
The infeasibility of solving the discrete logarithm problem.
c)
The implementation of RSA for key exchange.
d)
The reliance on symmetric encryption for security.
44.
What does the 'CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED' error indicate in the TLS lab?
a)
Missing client certificate
b)
Incorrect server hostname
c)
Self-signed certificate in the chain
d)
Failed TCP connection
45.
What is the main drawback of using self-signed certificates?
a)
They are not validated by a trusted Certificate Authority.
b)
They are more expensive than regular certificates.
c)
They require complex installation procedures.
d)
They provide better security than signed certificates.
46.
What is a common vulnerability of hash functions used in Message Authentication Codes (MACs)?
a)
Man-in-the-middle attacks
b)
Length extension attacks
c)
Key guessing attacks
d)
Timing attacks
47.
What happens if a browser cannot verify the identity of a certificate?
a)
The connection proceeds as normal
b)
A warning is displayed to the user
c)
The certificate is marked as valid
d)
The browser installs the CA certificate automatically
48.
What is the role of BN_generate_prime_ex() in the OpenSSL library?
a)
Generate a random number
b)
Generate a random prime number
c)
Compute the modular inverse
d)
Perform modular multiplication
49.
What algorithm is used to compute the greatest common divisor in RSA?
a)
Extended Euclidean algorithm
b)
Modular arithmetic algorithm
c)
Diffie-Hellman algorithm
d)
Elliptic curve algorithm
50.
What is the primary goal of using public key infrastructure (PKI) in secure communications?
a)
To encrypt all data transmitted over the internet
b)
To manage digital certificates and public/private key pairs
c)
To generate symmetric keys for encryption
d)
To create secure passwords for users
51.
What command generates a self-signed certificate for a root CA?
a)
openssl req -new
b)
openssl req -x509
c)
openssl rsa -gen
d)
openssl s_client
52.
What is the primary role of a Certificate Authority (CA) in PKI?
a)
Encrypting user data
b)
Verifying the identity of users and binding it to a public key
c)
Generating private keys for clients
d)
Providing internet access
53.
What is the primary function of a one-way hash function in securing passwords?
a)
Encrypting messages
b)
Mapping data of arbitrary size to fixed size
c)
Compressing data
d)
Generating random numbers
54.
What is the purpose of the '-noout' option in the openssl command?
a)
To suppress decoding errors
b)
To skip printing the encoded version of a certificate
c)
To ignore invalid certificates
d)
To prevent self-signed certificates
55.
What is the common use case for digital certificates?
a)
Encrypting hard drive data
b)
Authenticating identities over the internet
c)
Storing private keys securely
d)
Creating secure backup files
56.
What is the function of BN_CTX_new() in the OpenSSL library?
a)
Frees memory of a BIGNUM
b)
Creates a context for temporary variables
c)
Prints a BIGNUM value
d)
Encrypts a message
57.
What is the primary application of one-way hash functions in data integrity verification?
a)
Encrypting messages
b)
Mapping data of arbitrary size to fixed size
c)
Creating digital signatures
d)
Preventing data tampering
58.
Which statement best describes the purpose of HMAC in cryptography?
a)
To provide a secure method of data encryption
b)
To ensure message integrity and authenticity
c)
To generate random cryptographic keys
d)
To compress data for transmission
59.
What does the term 'self-signed certificate' mean?
a)
A certificate signed by a trusted CA
b)
A certificate created without a private key
c)
A certificate signed by the same entity it certifies
d)
A certificate validated by a third party
60.
What is the main feature of SHA-3 compared to SHA-1 and SHA-2?
a)
It uses a Merkle-Damgård construction
b)
It is faster
c)
It uses a sponge construction
d)
It is based on MD5
61.
What is the purpose of using a Certificate Signing Request (CSR)?
a)
To request a certificate from a Certificate Authority (CA)
b)
To validate a digital certificate
c)
To generate a self-signed certificate
d)
To encrypt a public key
62.
What is the key feature of a one-way hash function in password verification?
a)
Data compression
b)
Collision avoidance
c)
Irreversibility
d)
Symmetric encryption
63.
What is the purpose of using the SHA-256 algorithm in cryptography?
a)
To encrypt data
b)
To create a unique hash of data
c)
To compress files
d)
To generate random numbers
64.
What is the primary purpose of a Certificate Signing Request (CSR)?
a)
To request a digital certificate from a Certificate Authority
b)
To encrypt a message using a public key
c)
To generate a private key for secure communication
d)
To verify the identity of the certificate owner
65.
What is the main feature of a hash function that makes it suitable for verifying the integrity of data?
a)
It produces a unique output for different inputs.
b)
It allows for easy decryption of the original data.
c)
It generates a random output for any input.
d)
It can be reversed to obtain the original data.
66.
What is the primary function of the TLS handshake protocol?
a)
To establish a TCP connection
b)
To agree on cryptographic parameters for secure communication
c)
To transfer data between client and server
d)
To encrypt data before sending it
67.
What is the relationship between TLS and PKI?
a)
PKI provides the encryption for TLS
b)
TLS uses PKI to authenticate public keys
c)
PKI ensures data encryption during the TLS handshake
d)
TLS establishes trust in PKI certificates
68.
What is a common use case for hybrid encryption in secure communications?
a)
Encrypting a large file using only public key cryptography
b)
Using symmetric key encryption for data transfer and public key encryption for key exchange
c)
Exchanging messages in plain text
d)
Creating self-signed certificates
69.
What is the primary application of digital certificates in secure communications?
a)
To encrypt data during transmission
b)
To verify the identity of parties involved
c)
To generate random keys for symmetric encryption
d)
To compress data for faster transmission
70.
What is the command used to start the Apache web server in the PKI lab?
a)
service apache2 start
b)
apachectl -k start
c)
systemctl start apache
d)
httpd -start
71.
What is the purpose of hostname verification in TLS?
a)
To avoid Man-in-the-Middle attacks
b)
To improve connection speed
c)
To ensure data encryption
d)
To support multiple certificates
72.
What is the key feature of a hash function that allows it to produce a fixed-size output regardless of the input size?
a)
It uses a secret key for encryption.
b)
It combines the input data into a unique value.
c)
It compresses data into a smaller size.
d)
It generates a fixed-length hash from variable-length input.
73.
What is the main feature of a Domain Validated (DV) certificate?
a)
It verifies the identity of the organization behind the domain.
b)
It ensures the domain owner has control over the domain.
c)
It provides encryption for all data transmitted.
d)
It requires extensive documentation for verification.
74.
What is the primary reason why RSA encryption is slower than symmetric key algorithms?
a)
It uses a longer key length
b)
It operates on modular arithmetic
c)
It involves complex calculations like prime factorization
d)
All of the above
75.
What does the BN_CTX_new() function do in the OpenSSL library?
a)
Frees memory of a BIGNUM
b)
Creates a context for temporary variables
c)
Prints a BIGNUM value
d)
Encrypts a message
76.
What is the main challenge of using hash functions in digital signatures?
a)
Ensuring the hash function is fast enough
b)
Preventing hash collisions
c)
Maintaining the secrecy of the hash output
d)
Calculating the hash for very large data
77.
What is the function of BN_mod_inverse() in cryptography?
a)
Finding modular inverse
b)
Modular addition
c)
Modular subtraction
d)
Modular multiplication
78.
What is the primary vulnerability of hash functions exploited in collision attacks?
a)
Weak collision resistance
b)
High computation time
c)
Reversibility of the hash
d)
Limited output size
79.
What is the main drawback of using hybrid encryption in secure communications?
a)
It requires more computational resources than symmetric encryption alone.
b)
It relies on the security of both symmetric and asymmetric encryption methods.
c)
It is more complex to implement than traditional encryption methods.
d)
It can introduce latency in communication due to key exchange procedures.
80.
What is the output size of the SHA-1 algorithm?
a)
128 bits
b)
160 bits
c)
256 bits
d)
512 bits
81.
What is the main challenge of using public key cryptography for secure communication?
a)
Managing and storing private keys securely
b)
Ensuring all parties have access to their public keys
c)
Maintaining consistent key lengths across communications
d)
Implementing the cryptographic algorithms efficiently
82.
What is the primary purpose of using public-key cryptography in secure communications?
a)
To encrypt messages between parties
b)
To securely exchange secret keys
c)
To verify the integrity of transmitted data
d)
To provide authentication for users
83.
What is the role of a Certificate Authority (CA) in the context of digital certificates?
a)
Issues digital certificates to verify ownership of public keys
b)
Encrypts data during transmission
c)
Generates private keys for users
d)
Hosts web servers
84.
How is the public key used in a digital certificate?
a)
It encrypts data for secure transmission.
b)
It verifies the identity of the certificate holder.
c)
It decrypts messages sent to the certificate holder.
d)
It generates the private key associated with the certificate.
85.
What does the verify_mode parameter in Python's SSL context control?
a)
The encryption algorithm used
b)
The server's hostname validation
c)
The verification of the server's certificate
d)
The data transfer speed
86.
What is the purpose of HMAC in ensuring data integrity?
a)
To provide a secure method for encrypting data
b)
To verify the authenticity of a message using a secret key
c)
To compress data for faster transmission
d)
To generate random numbers for cryptographic purposes
87.
What is the purpose of padding schemes in cryptographic algorithms?
a)
To improve the speed of encryption.
b)
To make the encryption process deterministic.
c)
To prevent attacks such as ciphertext guessing and chosen plaintext attacks.
d)
To replace the need for cryptographic hash functions.
88.
What is the purpose of the hash function in data integrity verification?
a)
To encrypt sensitive data
b)
To generate random keys for encryption
c)
To produce a fixed-size output from variable-size input
d)
To compress large files for storage
89.
What is the primary challenge of using hash functions in digital certificate verification?
a)
Ensuring the hash function remains collision-resistant
b)
Maintaining the speed of the hashing process
c)
Avoiding the use of public keys
d)
Preventing the use of long hash outputs
90.
What ensures the authenticity and integrity of digital documents in cryptography?
a)
Digital signatures
b)
Symmetric encryption
c)
Public key infrastructure
d)
Hashing algorithms
91.
What does the 'Common Name' (CN) field in a digital certificate specify?
a)
The encryption algorithm used
b)
The domain name or entity the certificate represents
c)
The public key size
d)
The issuer's country
92.
What is the purpose of using a cryptographic hash function in digital signatures?
a)
To encrypt the entire message
b)
To ensure data integrity and authenticity
c)
To generate random keys for encryption
d)
To compress the data for transmission
93.
What is a primary application of one-way hash functions in secure communications?
a)
Data integrity verification
b)
Public key encryption
c)
Encrypting messages
d)
Generating random numbers
94.
What does the term 'digital signature' refer to in cryptography?
a)
A method of encrypting messages
b)
A way to verify the authenticity of a message
c)
A technique for compressing data
d)
A form of key exchange
95.
What command is used to verify a server's certificate in the TLS lab?
a)
openssl s_client
b)
openssl verify
c)
openssl x509
d)
openssl req
96.
What type of encryption does RSA use to ensure security?
a)
Asymmetric encryption
b)
Symmetric encryption
c)
Hash-based encryption
d)
Stream encryption
97.
What is the primary application of one-way hash functions in password storage?
a)
Ensuring data integrity
b)
Generating password hashes
c)
Encrypting passwords
d)
Creating unique identifiers
98.
What is the main vulnerability of hash functions exploited in length extension attacks?
a)
Collision resistance
b)
Loss of preimage resistance
c)
Insufficient key length
d)
Use of iterative hash algorithms
99.
What is the purpose of using a digital signature in ensuring the authenticity of electronic documents?
a)
To encrypt the document contents
b)
To provide a secure way to log in
c)
To verify the identity of the sender and the integrity of the document
d)
To speed up the document delivery
100.
What command is used to start the Apache web server in the PKI lab?
a)
service apache2 start
b)
apachectl -k start
c)
systemctl start apache
d)
httpd -start
101.
What is the purpose of the Diffie-Hellman key exchange?
a)
To encrypt messages
b)
To establish a shared secret key over an insecure channel
c)
To verify digital signatures
d)
To increase computation speed
102.
What is the main feature of an Organizational Validated (OV) certificate?
a)
It requires validation of the organization’s identity and legitimacy.
b)
It is issued automatically without any validation.
c)
It is the cheapest type of certificate available.
d)
It only validates the domain ownership.
103.
What is the primary function of HMAC in cryptography?
a)
To provide message integrity and authenticity
b)
To encrypt data using symmetric keys
c)
To generate public and private key pairs
d)
To compress large files for transmission
104.
What is the output of the BN_dec2bn() function in OpenSSL?
a)
A BIGNUM representation of a decimal string
b)
A hexadecimal representation of a BIGNUM
c)
An integer output of the decimal number
d)
A string representation of a BIGNUM
105.
What is the role of hash functions in ensuring data integrity?
a)
To encrypt sensitive information
b)
To convert data into a fixed-size hash value
c)
To compress files for storage
d)
To create random passwords
106.
What is the primary advantage of using asymmetric encryption over symmetric encryption in securing communications?
a)
It uses shorter key lengths for encryption.
b)
It allows secure key exchange without prior sharing of secrets.
c)
It encrypts data faster than symmetric encryption.
d)
It requires less computational power.
107.
What is the primary purpose of a digital certificate in securing online communications?
a)
To encrypt sensitive data transmitted over the internet
b)
To verify the identity of an entity and bind it to a public key
c)
To store confidential information securely
d)
To manage user access to resources
108.
What does the term 'Certificate Authority' (CA) refer to in the context of digital certificates?
a)
An organization that issues digital certificates to verify ownership of public keys
b)
A type of encryption algorithm used for securing data
c)
A method of generating private keys for users
d)
A system for managing user account access
109.
What is the purpose of the BN_mod_inverse() function in OpenSSL?
a)
Modular addition
b)
Modular subtraction
c)
Finding modular inverse
d)
Modular multiplication
110.
What is the primary purpose of a one-way hash function in cryptography?
a)
Encrypting messages
b)
Mapping data of arbitrary size to fixed size
c)
Compressing data
d)
Generating random numbers
111.
What is the primary purpose of using HMAC in ensuring data integrity?
a)
To encrypt sensitive data
b)
To confirm the authenticity of a message
c)
To combine hashing with a secret key for verification
d)
To compress data for storage
112.
What is the primary function of a digital signature in cryptography?
a)
To encrypt sensitive information
b)
To provide authenticity and integrity of digital documents
c)
To establish a shared key
d)
To increase encryption speed
113.
What is the common use of a public key in asymmetric encryption?
a)
To encrypt messages that can only be decrypted by the corresponding private key
b)
To generate random numbers for secure sessions
c)
To verify the identity of the sender in message exchanges
d)
To create digital signatures for authentication purposes
114.
What is the primary drawback of using MD5 as a hashing algorithm?
a)
It is too slow for modern use cases
b)
It is vulnerable to collision attacks
c)
It cannot be used with TLS
d)
It requires symmetric keys
115.
What is the role of hash functions in ensuring the integrity of digital data?
a)
They encrypt the data during transmission.
b)
They generate random identifiers for data.
c)
They produce a fixed-size output that represents the original data.
d)
They compress data to save storage space.
116.
What is the output of the BN_hex2bn() function in OpenSSL?
a)
It sets a BIGNUM variable from a hexadecimal string
b)
It generates a random hexadecimal string
c)
It converts a BIGNUM variable to a hexadecimal string
d)
It calculates the modulus of a BIGNUM variable
117.
What does a Certificate Signing Request (CSR) do in the context of public key infrastructure?
a)
It generates a public key
b)
It requests a digital certificate from a Certificate Authority
c)
It encrypts data for secure transmission
d)
It creates a self-signed certificate
118.
What is the purpose of using a Certificate Signing Request (CSR) in PKI?
a)
To request a certificate from a CA
b)
To encrypt a certificate
c)
To validate an intermediate CA
d)
To revoke a certificate
119.
What is a common use case for HMAC in cryptography?
a)
Verifying the integrity of messages
b)
Encrypting sensitive data
c)
Generating random keys
d)
Establishing a secure connection
120.
What is the primary application of one-way hash functions in blockchain technology?
a)
Encrypting transactions
b)
Timestamping records
c)
Managing distributed ledgers
d)
Creating digital signatures
121.
What is the primary advantage of using public key cryptography for secure communications?
a)
It eliminates the need for securely sharing a secret key.
b)
It allows for faster encryption and decryption.
c)
It requires fewer resources than symmetric key cryptography.
d)
It provides a simpler method for generating keys.
122.
What is the main purpose of using HMAC in ensuring data integrity?
a)
To provide a mechanism for key exchange
b)
To ensure the authenticity and integrity of a message
c)
To encrypt data for secure transmission
d)
To facilitate digital signatures
123.
What is the primary purpose of using public key infrastructure (PKI) in secure communications?
a)
To encrypt data during transmission
b)
To verify identities and bind them to public keys
c)
To issue self-signed certificates
d)
To generate private keys for users
124.
What is the primary application of public key cryptography in securing online transactions?
a)
Securely exchanging a secret session key
b)
Encrypting the entire communication
c)
Verifying user identities
d)
Signing digital documents
125.
What is the primary purpose of using public key infrastructure (PKI) in securing communications?
a)
To encrypt data during transmission
b)
To verify the identity of users and bind it to public keys
c)
To issue self-signed certificates
d)
To generate random numbers
126.
What is the primary purpose of using HMAC in cryptography?
a)
To provide message integrity and authenticity
b)
To encrypt data securely
c)
To generate random keys
d)
To create digital signatures
127.
What is the function of BN_mod_mul() in the OpenSSL library?
a)
Multiplies two BIGNUM numbers under modulo
b)
Adds two BIGNUM numbers under modulo
c)
Divides two BIGNUM numbers under modulo
d)
Subtracts one BIGNUM number from another under modulo
128.
What is the output of the SHA-256 algorithm?
a)
A fixed-size string of 256 bits
b)
A variable-length string
c)
A random sequence of numbers
d)
An encryption key
129.
What type of hash function is used for creating a digital fingerprint of data?
a)
One-way hash function
b)
Symmetric hash function
c)
Reversible hash function
d)
Block hash function
130.
What is the purpose of using timestamps in blockchain technology?
a)
To record the time of transaction creation
b)
To encrypt the transaction data
c)
To ensure the privacy of users
d)
To manage digital signatures
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