How does a volumetric flask differ from a measuring cylinder?

What is the function of phenolphthalein, and what pH range does it indicate?

How does methyl orange differ in its color change compared to phenolphthalein?

What is a buffer, and why is it important in biochemical experiments?

What two components form a buffer system? Provide an example from the notes.

Explain the concept of “buffer capacity.” How is it affected by the pH relative to the buffer’s pKa?

Describe the phosphate buffer system. How does it maintain pH balance?

Write out the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and explain its components.

How can you use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation to calculate the ratio of conjugate base to acid at a given pH?

Using the example in the notes (pH = 7, [AH] + [A⁻] = 0.2 M), calculate [AH] and [A⁻].

How do you evaluate the buffering capacity of a solution in a laboratory setting?

What role do indicators like phenolphthalein and methyl orange play in determining buffering capacity?

What are the steps involved in using a burette to measure buffer capacity?

What is the principle behind lactate measurement in plasma using the enzymatic colorimetric method?

What is the purpose of creating a calibration curve in lactate measurement?

How would you prepare a standard solution for lactate measurement at 5 mg/dl concentration, based on the notes?