A real voltage source has

If a load resistance is 1 kohm, a stiff voltage source has a resistance of

An ideal current source has

A real current source has

If a load resistance is 1 kohm, a stiff current source has a resistance of

The Thevenin voltage is the same as the

The Thevenin resistance is equal in value to the

To get the Thevenin voltage, you have to

To get the Norton current, you have to

The Norton current is sometimes called the

A solder bridge

A cold-solder joint

An open resistor has a.

A shorted resistor has

An ideal voltage source and an internal resistance is an example of the

Treating a connecting wire as a conductor with zero resistance is an example of the

The voltage out of an ideal voltage source

The current out of an ideal current source

Thevenin’s theorem replaces a complicated circuit facing a load by an

Norton’s theorem replaces a complicated circuit facing a load by an

One way to short a device is

Derivations are

Laws are proved by

Definitions are

The nucleus of a copper atom contains how many protons?

The net charge of a neutral copper atom is

Assume the valence electron is removed from a copper atom. The net charge of the atom becomes

The valence electron of a copper atom experiences what kind of attraction toward the nucleus?

How many valence electrons does a silicon atom have?

Which is the most widely used semiconductor?

How many protons does the nucleus of a silicon atom contain?

Silicon atoms combine into an orderly pattern called a

An intrinsic semiconductor has some holes in it at room temperature. What causes these holes?

Each valence electron in an intrinsic semiconductor establishes a

The merging of a free electron and a hole is called

At room temperature an intrinsic silicon crystal acts approximately like

The amount of time between the creation of a hole and its disappearance is called

The valence electron of a conductor is also called a

A conductor has how many types of flow?

A semiconductor has how many types of flow?

When a voltage is applied to a semiconductor, holes will flow

A conductor has how many holes?

In an intrinsic semiconductor, the number of free electrons

Absolute zero temperature equals

At absolute zero temperature an intrinsic semiconductor has

At room temperature an intrinsic semiconductor has

The number of free electrons and holes in an intrinsic semiconductor increases when the temperature

The flow of valence electrons to the left means that holes are flowing to the

Holes act like

of valence electrons to the left means that holes are flowing to the

Holes act like

Trivatent atoms have how many valence electrons?

A donor atom has how many valence electrons?

If you wanted to produce a p-type semiconductor, which of these would you use?

Holes are the minority carriers in which type of semiconductor?

How many free electrons does a p-type semiconductor contain?

Silver is the best conductor. How many valence electrons do you think it has?

Suppose an intrinsic semiconductor has 1 billion free electrons at room temperature. If the temperature changes to 75'C, how many holes are there?

An external voltage source is applied to a p-type semiconductor. If the left end of the crystal is positive, which way do the majority carriers flow?

Which of the following doesn't fit in the group?

Which of the following is approximately equal to room temperature?

How many electrons are there in the valence orbit of a silicon atom within a crystal?

Positive ions are atoms that have

Which of the following describes an n-type semiconductor?

A p-type semiconductor contains holes and

Which of the following describes a p-type semiconductor?

Which of the following cannot move?

What causes the depletion layer?

What is the barrier potential of a silicon diode at room temperature?

To produce a large forward current in a silicon diode, the applied voltage must be greater than

In a silicon diode the reverse current is usually

Surface-leakage current is part of the

The voltage where avalanche occurs is called the

Diffusion of free electrons across the junction of an unbiased diode produces

When the reverse voltage increases from 5 to 10 V, the depletion layer

When a diode is forward-biased, the recombination of free electrons and holes may produce

When the graph of current versus voltage is a straight line, the device is referred to as

What kind of device is a resistor?

What kind of a device is a diode?

How is a nonconducting diode biased?

When the diode current is large, the bias is

The knee voltage of a diode is approximately equal to the

The reverse current consists of minority-carrier current and

How much voltage is there across the second approximation of a silicon diode when it is forward biased?

How much current is there through the second approximation of a silicon diode when it is reverse biased?

How much forward diode voltage is there with the ideal-diode approximation?

The bulk resistance of a 1N4001 is

If the bulk resistance is zero, the graph above the knee becomes

The ideal diode is usually adequate when

The second approximation works well when

The only time you have to use the third approximation is when

If N1/N2 = 2, and the primary voltage is 120 V, what is the secondary voltage?

In a step-down transformer, which is larger?

A transformer has a turns ratio of 4: 1. What is the peak secondary voltage if 115 V rms is applied to the primary winding?

With a half-wave rectified voltage across the load resistor, load current flows for what part of a cycle?

Line voltage may be from 105 V rms to 125 rms in a half-wave rectifier. With a 5:1 step-down transformer, the maximum peak load voltage is closest to

The voltage out of a bridge rectifier is a

If the line voltage is 115 V rms, a turns ratio of 5: 1 means the rms secondary voltage is closest to

What is the peak load voltage in a full-wave rectifier if the secondary voltage is 20 V rms?

We want a peak load voltage of 40 V out of a bridge rectifier. What is the approximate rms value of secondary voltage?

What is the approximate rms value of secondary voltage?

With a full-wave rectified voltage across the load resistor, load current flows for what part of a cycle?

What is the peak load voltage out of a bridge rectifier for a secondary voltage of 15 V rms? (Use second approximation.)

If line frequency is 60 Hz, the output frequency of a half-wave rectifier is

If line frequency is 60 Hz, the output frequency of a bridge rectifier is

With the same secondary voltage and filter, which has the most ripple?

With the same secondary voltage and filter, which produces the least load voltage?

If the filtered load current is 10 mA, which of the following has a diode current of 10 mA?

If the load current is 5 mA and the filter capacitance is 1000uF, what is the peak-to-peak ripple out of a bridge rectifier?

The diodes in a bridge rectifier each have a maximum dc current rating of 2 A. This means the dc load current can have a maximum value of

What is the PIV across each diode of a bridge rectifier with a secondary voltage of 20 V rms?

If the secondary voltage increases in a bridge rectifier with a capacitor-input filter, the load voltage will

If the filter capacitance is increased, the ripple will

What is true about the breakdown voltage in a zener diode?

Which of these is the best description of a zener diode?

A zener diode

The voltage across the zener resistance is usually

If the series resistance decreases in an unloaded zener regulator, the zener current

In the second approximation, the total voltage across the zener diode is the sum of the breakdown voltage and the voltage across the

The load voltage is approximately constant when a zener diode is

In a loaded zener regulator, which is the largest current?

If the load resistance decreases in a zener regulator, the zener current

If the load resistance decreases in a zener regulator, the series current

When the source voltage increases in a zener regulator, which of these currents remains approximately constant?

If the zener diode in a zener regulator is connected with the wrong polarity, the load voltage will be closest to

At high frequencies, ordinary diodes don't work properly because of

The capacitance of a varactor diode increases when the reverse voltage across it

Breakdown does not destroy a zener diode provided the zener current is less than the

To display the digit 8 in a seven-segment indicator,

A photodiode is normally

When the light increases, the reverse minority carrier current in a photodiode

The device associated with voltage-controlled capacitance is a

If the depletion layer gets wider, the capacitance

When the reverse voltage increases, the capacitance

The varactor is usually

The device to use for rectifying a weak ac signal is a

Which of the following has a negative-resistance region?

A blown-fuse indicator uses a

To isolate an output circuit from an input circuit, which is the device to use?

The diode with a forward voltage drop of approximately 0.25 V is the

For typical operation, you need to use reverse bias with a

A transistor has how many doped regions?

What is one important thing transistors do?

Who invented the first junction transistor?

In an npn transistor, the majority carriers in the base are