Filtering separates mixtures based on ______ size.

Distillation separates mixtures based on differences in ______ point.

Chromatography separates mixtures based on differences in ______.

In paper chromatography, the component that is most similar in polarity to the 'mobile phase' moves up the ______.

Mass is ______ during chemical and physical changes.

When reading a volume of a liquid in a container, you should always estimate one digit past the ______ marking.

Rank the measuring devices from least precise to most precise: beaker, graduated cylinder, volumetric flask, burette.

Density = ______ / volume.

The % composition by mass for a pure compound does not ______.

Gas mixtures are ________ because of the constant random motion of the particles.

Gases are ________ because of the large spaces between the particles.

Gas pressure is caused by ________ of particles with the walls of the container.

P and V are inversely related. Doubling the volume of a container will cut the pressure of the gas in half. True or False:

T and V are directly related. If you heat a balloon, it will expand. True or False: T and V are directly related.

T and P are directly related. If you heat a rigid container, the pressure of the gas will increase. True or False: T and P are directly related.

What is the value of the gas constant R in the equation PV=nRT?

One mole of an ideal gas = ________ Liters ONLY at STP.

Gas pressure and # of moles are directly related. If you double the mole of gas in a container, the pressure will double.

In the equation Molar Mass = dRT/P, what does 'd' stand for?

The larger the molar mass of a gas, the slower it moves at a given temperature.

Temperature = ________ Kinetic Energy.

When collecting a gas by water displacement, P_total = ________ + P_water vapor.

Real gases behave most like an ideal gas at high temperature and at low pressure.

Exothermic reactions have a ________ ΔH.

ΔH_rxn = Bonds ________ – Bonds ________.

Breaking bonds is endothermic. Forming bonds is exothermic. True or False: Breaking bonds is endothermic.

If a reaction is exothermic, then the bonds formed in the products are stronger/more stable than the reactant bonds.

Carbon makes a total of ________ bonds in a compound.

Asymmetrical molecules = dipoles do NOT cancel = polar molecule; symmetrical = dipoles cancel = nonpolar molecule. True or False: Asymmetrical molecules are polar molecules.

Lattice energy is the energy to break an ionic bond in a compound. Lattice energy increases as the ion's charge increases. True or False: Lattice energy increases as the ion's charge increases.

Obey the ________ rule first when drawing the Lewis Dot Structure.

All molecules contain LD forces, and this force gets stronger as the molecule is larger. True or False: All molecules contain London Dispersion forces.

Boiling point and melting point increase as IMF's increase. True or False: Boiling point increases as IMF's increase.

Molecular solids have low melting/boiling points, and they do not conduct electricity. True or False: Molecular solids do not conduct electricity.

Metallic bonds are between metals, and they ALWAYS conduct electricity, and their hardness varies. True or False: Metallic bonds always conduct electricity.

In order for a reaction to occur, particles must collide at the correct orientation and with a minimum energy to break bonds. What is the minimum energy called?

What is the rate law for an elementary step: A + B → C + D?

What is the unit for a first order rate constant?

What is the unit for a second order rate constant?

Which of the following is linear for a first order reaction?

What is the formula for the half-life of a first order process?

A first order reaction has a constant half-life regardless of the initial concentration.

What does the slow step (rate-determining step) dictate in a reaction?

What is the equilibrium constant expression (K_eq) for a reaction?

A large K_eq means that there are more ______ at equilibrium.

If Q < K_eq, the reaction shifts to the ______.

Acids donate ______; bases accept ______.

The hydronium ion is ______.

Which of the following is a strong acid?

What is the pH of a neutral solution at 25°C?

The stronger the acid, the ______ its conjugate base.

Acid-base reactions favor the direction of the 'strong side' to the 'weak side.'

What is the formula for the percent ionization of a weak acid?

Buffers are created by a _______ + CB (salt) or by a weak base + CA (salt).

[H+] = _________.

Adding a common ion to a weak acid (or base) decreases the % ionization.

M₁V₁ = M₂V₂. This is only true at the equivalence point. M₁V₁ = _________.

M₁V₁ = M₂V₂. This is not on the formula sheet, but it is extremely useful for dilution calculations. True or False: M₁V₁ = M₂V₂ is useful for dilution calculations.

Strong Acid + Strong Base has a pH = ___ at the equivalence point.

When pH = pKa, then [HA] = _______.

More buffer capacity means more moles of weak acid and CB.

For 2 ions, Ksp = ________.

The larger the 'x' value, the more soluble the salt is.

If Q > Ksp, a _______ forms.

Group 1 cations, NH4+, and NO3- salts are always soluble in water. These are usually the spectator ions in a chemical reaction. True or False?

Thermodynamically favorable reactions have a ______ ΔG.

Reactions with -ΔH and +ΔS are always thermodynamically favorable.

Reactions that increase the number of moles of gas have a ______ ΔS.

If ΔG is negative, then K_eq is ______ than 1.

True or False: ΔH and ΔS are usually given in the same units.

ΔG = 0 at equilibrium. ΔG = ______ at equilibrium.

The value for R in ΔG° = –RT lnK is ______ J/mol K.

Sometimes, a reaction with a -ΔG does not proceed at a measurable rate. They are said to be under 'kinetic control.' High activation energy is a common reason for a process to be under kinetic control. True or False: High activation energy can cause a process to be under kinetic control.

The oxidation number of H is ______ except in a hydride.

Oxidation always occurs at the anode in both a battery and an electrolytic cell.

Electrons in a battery move away from the ______ and come to the cathode.

In a salt bridge, cations flow to the _______.

While a battery is discharged, the cathode gains mass.

If you reverse a reaction, the sign of E° cell changes, but if you double a reaction, E° cell DOES NOT change!! True or False: Doubling a reaction changes the value of E° cell.

E° cell = E° Red (_______) - E° Red (anode).

The half-reaction with a more positive E° Red takes place at the cathode.

When adding the two half reactions together, the electrons MUST cancel out.

ΔG° = ________.

If Q increases, then the voltage (E° cell) of the battery goes down.