— Lack of endogenous insulin, requires insulin injections.

Insulin initially increases then decreases, may only need lifestyle changes or oral meds. May not need insulin injections.

Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia

Fatigue, Recurrent infections, Prolonged wound healing, Vision problems

Used to diagnose diabetes if 6.5% or higher.

Used to diagnose diabetes if 200 mg/dL or higher.

Used to diagnose diabetes if 200 mg/dL or higher with a glucose load of 75 g.

Used to diagnose diabetes if 126 mg/dL or higher.

Potential for kidney injury if receive IV contrast when receiving this medication.

Onset 0.8-4 hrs, no pronounced peak, duration 16-24 hrs

Onset 1.5-4 hrs, peak 4-12 hrs, duration 12-18 hrs – intermediate acting

Onset 10-30min, peak 30min to 3 hrs, duration 3-5 hrs

DM complication with symptoms of Shakiness, Palpitations, Nervousness, Diaphoresis, Anxiety, Hunger, Pallor.

Syndrome of extremely high blood sugar and dehydration related to osmotic diuresis and ECF depletion, no urine ketones. Common causes: acute infection (UTI, sepsis). Life threatening as can lead to AMS and coma..

DM complication with symptoms of Hyperglycemia, Ketosis, Acidosis, Dehydration, Lethargy/weakness, Kussmaul respirations, Ketones in urine.

Hyperglycemia present on awakening related to growth hormone and cortisol

Hyperglycemia in am because a high dose of insulin at night results in a counter increase in glucose in am

Related to chronic exposure excess corticosteroids (aldosterone, glucocorticoids, androgens). Symptoms: truncal obesity, moon face, buffalo hump, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, back pain, stria abdomen, chest, buttocks

Presents as profound fatigue, dehydration, vascular collapse (low BP), renal shut down, decreased serum sodium & increased serum potassium. Life threatening.

Manifestations develop slowly: skin bronzing, hypoglycemia, postural hypotension, weight loss, weakness, fatigue, anorexia & nausea.

Symptoms fatigue, lethargy, cold intolerance, dry skin, personality/mental changes, weight gain, cardiovascular problems, constipation, menstrual disturbances

Symptoms: heat intolerance, nervousness, goiter (soft with bruit/thrill), hypermetabolism, tachycardia, exophthalmos, diarrhea

Most common type cancer of endocrine system