Who created the social facilitation effect? For example, cyclists tend to have faster times when riding in the presence of a counterpart as opposed to riding alone?

Who published the first textbooks on social psychology and defended that all matter has a mental aspect?

Who suggested that social approval influences behavior? For example, the course of a conversation changes dramatically based upon feedback (approval) from others?

Who helped to establish reinforcement theory?

Who considered personality to be a collection of behavior that happens to have been sufficiently reinforced to persist, and the result of behavioral development of an organism?

Who coined positive reinforcement (the case where you reward someone in order to increase the frequency of a behavior)?

Who coined negative reinforcement (desired response will be performed by taking away or preventing something undesirable whenever the desired response is made)?

Who coined punishment (giving organisms something undesirable whenever the response is made)?

Who coined extinction (behavior that used to bring reward no longer does)?

Who proposed that behavior is learned through imitation?

Who was the main figure in social learning theory?

Who created the study with Bobo dolls (two groups of children observe adults playing with tinker toys or aggressively towards Bobo dolls. Each child was made to feel frustrated and then left in a room of toys. Children in the Bobo doll group tended to act aggressively toward the doll)?

Who suggested that classical conditioning was a matter of learning signals for the unconditioned stimulus?

Who created the law of effect (if a response is followed by an annoying consequence, the animal will be less likely to emit the same response in the future)?

Who created the study that placed a hungry cat in a puzzle box (a cage that the animal can open by some simple action like pressing a lever) and put food outside the box so that the cat pushes the lever by chance trying to get out of the box? (once the cat gets out once, it escapes at a quicker rate each trial)

Who argued that all problem solving was trial-and-error?

Who created the self efficacy theory?

Who created the social learning theory?

Who created the role theory (the perspective that people are aware of the social roles they are expected to fill, and much of their observable behavior can be attributed to adopting those roles)?

Who created the balance theory (a consistency theory concerned with the way three elements are related. Balance exists when all three fit together harmoniously when there isn't balance, there will be stress, and a tendency to remove the stress by achieving balance)?

Who created the attribution theory (we all attempt to discover cause and effect)?

Who created cognitive dissonance theory (consistency theory of attitude change; cognitive dissonance is the conflict that you feel when your attitudes are not in sync with your behaviors, this may result in changing one's attitude so that it is consistent with the behavior)?

Who created free-choice dissonance (occurs where a person makes a choice between several desirable alternatives)?

Who created post-decisional dissonance (when dissonance occurs after a decision is made)?

Who created forced-compliance dissonance (when an individual is forced into behaving in a manner that is inconsistent with his or her beliefs or attitudes; force comes from anticipated punishment or reward)?

Who created a study where subjects were asked to complete an extremely

Who coined the minimal justification effect (when behavior can be justified by external things, there is no need to change internal things)?

Who coined the social comparison theory (we are drawn to affiliate because we have a tendency to evaluate ourselves in relation to other people)?

Who created the self-perception theory (when your attitudes about something are weak and ambiguous, you observe your own behavior and attribute an attitude to yourself)?

Who created the model that showed that attitude changes with the intent to persuade someone (i.e. someone has taken a position on an issue and is trying to convince another person to take side of that position)?

Who did the study on source credibility where subjects were presented with controversial topics by different authors?

Who created the sleeper effect (unusual effect where after some time, participants that usually believe the high-credible sources start to not believe it and low-credible sources start to gain more popularity)?

Who developed the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion (2 routes to persuasion, central route and peripheral route)?

Who developed the gain-loss principle (evaluation that changes will have more effect than an evaluation that remains constant)?

Who developed the gain-loss principle (i.e. we will like someone more if their liking for us increased than someone who has consistently liked us)?

Who discovered the bystander intervention?

Who created the social influence study (subjects were brought into a room to do an interview when smoke appeared; if no one responded, the subject would not respond)?

Who coined pluralistic ignorance (leading others to a definition of an event as a nonemergency)?

Who discovered diffusion of responsibility (if there is only one bystander, the bystander knows that the responsibility for assisting falls on his shoulders)?

Who created the doll preference task (ethnic self-concept in children among ethnically white and black children would show white and black dolls and asked them to describe how they felt about the doll; this highlighted racism)?

Which of the following helped to argue against school segregation in the 1954 Brown v. The Topeka Board of Education?

Who discovered the analogy of inoculation (people can be inoculated against attack of persuasive communications; analogous to pathogens that form resistance when exposed to a strain multiple times)?

Who coined cultural truisms (beliefs that are seldom questioned)?

Who discovered that greater anxiety leads to greater desire to affiliate?

Who discovered the mere exposure effect (mere repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to enhanced liking for something; the more you see something, the more you like it)?

Who created the theory that the presence of others increases arousal and emission of dominant responses (i.e. a person learning a dance will make more mistakes in front of people. An expert dancer would be better in front of people)?

Who created the conformity study of norm formation (had subjects alone in a dark room and told them to estimate the number of light movements (if any) and brought a group together to estimate and found that answers changed in the group)?

Who discovered the autokinetic effect (if you stare at a point of light in a room that is otherwise completely dark, the light will appear to move)?

Who hosted a study on cooperation and competition (created hostilities through boys at camp)?

Who coined subordinate goals (goals best obtained through intergroup cooperation)?

Who did an experiment of different leadership styles (i.e. autocratic v. democratic v. laissez-faire)?

Who created the field theory (personality is dynamic and constantly changing; a personality can be divided into "systems")?

Who created the empathy-altruism model (an explanation for the relationship between empathy and helping behavior when faced with situations in which others may need help, people may feel distress and/or empathy)?

Who created the experiment where subjects watch a TV film where people were shocked by electric pulses? Some were given the choice to leave after 2 shocks (easy way out) or asked to stay to watch 10 shocks. Given the chance to replace person to receive the remaining 8 shocks. Subjects in easy-escape condition who reported more stress, tended to leave rather than help. Subjects who reported more empathy than distress were more likely to help regardless.

Who coined groupthink?

Who conducted the conformity study where subjects were placed in a classroom with 7 to 9 other college men and informed that they would be comparing the length of lines?

Who did the obedience experiment where subjects gave Mr. Wallace electric shocks every time he got an incorrect answer?

Who studied the tendencies of people to believe in a just world?

Who did the study on influence of group norms with small women colleges that had a liberal community but conservative backgrounds?

Who studied proxemics?

Who was part of the British empiricist school of thought and believed that all knowledge is gained through experience?

Who coined tabula rosa?

Who believed that society was not only unnecessary but also a detriment to optimal development?

Who developed the evolutionary theory (it is important to study the mind as it functioned to help the individual adapt to the environment)?

Who developed the theory of natural selection that caused interest in studying individual differences?

Who believed that natural selection was the key to evolution?

Who conducted the prison stimulation where half were randomly assigned to be guards and half were prisoners?

Who coined deindividuation?

Who is considered the father of developmental psychology?

Who is the founder of the American Psychology Association (APA)?

Who compiled hundreds of questionnaires on the views and opinions of children and compared them by age?

Who studied developmental psychology and believed in the importance of environmental influences on child development?

Who believed that parents should provide the right learning experiences while overting "sentimental" affection and that emotions were acquired through learning?

Who believed that the goal of psychology should be to predict behavioral responses to particular stimuli and vice versa?

Who believed that development occurred as a maturational process, regardless of practice or training?

Who believed that much of development was biologically based and the development blueprint existed from birth?

Who thought that children were active in their own development and they constructed knowledge through their experiences with the environment?

Who believed that in infancy, children learn from interacting with the environment through reflexive behaviors?

Who coined schemata?

Who believed in adaptation that it takes place through assimilation and accommodation?

Who developed the four stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, and formal operational?

Who developed the theory on language and thought (believed how we use language depends on which cognitive stage we are in and that development of thought directed the development of language)?

Who initiated the study of genetics by observing the inheritance of traits in pea plants?

Who believed that cognitive development is driven by a child's internalization of various aspects of culture (rules, symbols, language, etc.)?

Who discovered the zone of proximal development (skills and abilities that have not fully developed but are developing)?

Who studied the maze-running ability in rats and used selective breeding to test ability of rats after every generation of maze-bright and maze-dull rats?

Who created a study that compared a group of children with high IQ with groups of children typical of the general population and was the first study focused on gifted children?

Who believed that children may have some innate capacity for language acquisition called the language acquisition device (LAD)?

Who coined surface structure and deep, abstract structures?