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WorksheetsGRE Psychology - Clinical
Total questions: 100
Worksheet time: 50mins
Clinical Psychology is the study of the theory assessments and treatment of ________ and emotional disorders.
mental
physical
nutritional
environmental
Who is the originator of Psychoanalytic theory?
Sigmund Freud
Carl Jung
B.F. Skinner
Jean Piaget
Psychoanalytic theory views conflict as central to human nature. Conflict is between drive vying for expression. Individuals are motivated by drive reduction. Revised theory and said that true conflict was between ________ and Thanatos. First Freud preferred topographic model of mental life in which conscious elements were openly acknowledged forces and unconscious elements (drives and wishes). Freud revisited model of mental life and concluded it as structural; mental life has particular organization rather than layers.
Eros
Libido
Id
Superego
Who believed the human biggest conflict was between libido and ego?
Freud
Jung
Adler
Erikson
Libido is defined as ________.
sexual force
mental energy
physical strength
emotional intelligence
Eros is the ________ instinct, including sex and love.
life
death
fear
anger
Thanatos is the ________ instinct, including self destructive behavior.
death
life
pleasure
growth
Name the three components of the mind according to Freud.
id, ego, superego
conscious, subconscious, unconscious
thought, feeling, behavior
mind, brain, soul
The Id operates on the ________ principle (unconscious wishes).
Pleasure
Reality
Moral
Cognitive
The Ego operates on the ________ Principle (coping and defense mechanisms).
Reality
Pleasure
Moral
Fantasy
The Superego is associated with ________.
Conscience
Pleasure principle
Instincts
Reality principle
(Psychoanalytic theory) Wish fulfillment: ________ (Fill in the blank with the correct definition)
using visual images to alleviate physical needs
repressing unwanted memories into the unconscious
analyzing dreams to solve real-life problems
expressing emotions through physical activity
Aggression: ________ (Fill in the blank with the correct definition)
central force in humans that must find a socially acceptable outlet
innate desire to avoid social interaction
tendency to always follow rules without question
complete absence of emotional response
Defense Mechanism: ________ (Fill in the blank with the correct definition)
way in which the ego protects itself from threatening unconscious material or environmental factors
method by which the body fights infections through antibodies
strategy used by organisms to adapt to physical environments
process of learning new behaviors through observation
Repression/denial: ________ (Fill in the blank with the correct definition)
not allowing threatening material into awareness
expressing the opposite of what one feels
redirecting emotions to a substitute target
reverting to an earlier stage of development
Rationalization: ________ (Fill in the blank with the correct definition)
Justifying or rationalizing behavior or feelings that cause guilt
Ignoring or suppressing unwanted thoughts
Exaggerating positive qualities to feel superior
Blaming others for one's own mistakes
Projection: ________ (Fill in the blank with the correct definition)
Accusing others of having one's own unacceptable feelings
Ignoring one's own feelings completely
Expressing feelings in a socially acceptable way
Accepting responsibility for one's actions
Displacement: ________ (Fill in the blank with the correct definition)
Shifting unacceptable feelings or actions to a less threatening recipient
Refusing to acknowledge reality or facts
Attributing one’s own unacceptable thoughts to others
Redirecting emotions to oneself instead of others
Reaction formation: ________ (Fill in the blank with the correct definition)
embracing feeling or behaviors opposite to the true feelings that one has
expressing one's true feelings openly and honestly
avoiding situations that trigger anxiety
projecting one's own feelings onto others
Compensation: ________ (Fill in the blank with the correct definition)
Excelling in one area to make up for shortcomings in another
Ignoring weaknesses and focusing only on strengths
Pretending weaknesses do not exist
Blaming others for personal shortcomings
Sublimation: ________ (Fill in the blank with the correct definition)
Channeling threatening drive into acceptable outlets
Ignoring unacceptable impulses
Expressing emotions through aggression
Repressing memories of trauma
Identification: ________ (Fill in the blank with the correct definition)
Imitating a central figure in one's life, such as a parent
Suppressing one's desires to conform to societal norms
Expressing emotions through creative activities
Avoiding unpleasant thoughts by refusing to acknowledge them
Undoing: ________ (Fill in the blank with the correct definition)
Performing an often ritualistic activity in order to relieve anxiety about unconscious drives
Suppressing unwanted thoughts by refusing to acknowledge them
Redirecting emotions from a dangerous object to a safe one
Attributing one’s own unacceptable feelings to others
Countertransference: ________ (Fill in the blank with the correct definition)
An analyst's transfer of unconscious feelings or wishes (often about central figures in the analyst's life) onto the patient.
A patient's projection of feelings onto the analyst.
A conscious effort by the analyst to interpret dreams.
A method for analyzing manifest content in dreams.
(Psychoanalytic theory) Manifest content: ________ (Fill in the blank with the correct definition)
the actual content of the dream
the hidden symbolic meaning of the dream
the process of free association
the conscious suppression of thoughts
(Psychoanalytic theory) Latent content: _________.
unconscious force that dreams try to express
the literal storyline of a dream
the conscious thoughts during sleep
the physical sensations experienced while dreaming
(Psychoanalytic theory) Screen memory: _________
Memories that serve as representations of important childhood experiences
Memories that are always forgotten in adulthood
Memories that are only related to traumatic events
Memories that are completely fabricated by the unconscious mind
Who is the originator of Individual Theory?
Alfred Adler
Sigmund Freud
Carl Jung
B.F. Skinner
Individual Theory: _________.
Viewed people as creative, social and whole
Focused only on biological instincts
Emphasized unconscious drives exclusively
Ignored social influences on behavior
Alfred Adler: _________
Opposed Freud's negative and structural approach. Believed individuals are motivated by social need and feelings of inferiority. Happens when current self does not match ideal self
Supported Freud's focus on unconscious drives and childhood sexuality.
Believed that behavior is solely determined by biological instincts.
Emphasized the importance of dream analysis and repressed memories.
Individual Theory: _________.
Psychodynamic approach.
Behavioral approach.
Cognitive approach.
Humanistic approach.
(Individual Theory) Will to Power: _________.
On the quest healthy individuals will pursue goals that are outside of himself and beneficial to society
Is solely about accumulating personal wealth and status
Means avoiding all social interactions to focus on oneself
Refers to suppressing one's desires for the sake of conformity
Which of the following is NOT a type of personality typography according to Individual Theory?
Ruling-dominant type (choleric)
Getting-leaning type (phlegmatic)
Avoiding type (melancholic)
Socially useful type (sanguine)
Passive-aggressive type (apathetic)
(Individual Theory) Ruling-dominant type (choleric): _________.
high in activity but low in contributions; dominant
low in activity and high in contributions; submissive
high in activity and high in contributions; cooperative
low in activity and low in contributions; passive
(Individual Theory) Getting-leaning type (phlegmatic): ________ in activity and ________ in social contributions; dependent.
low in activity and high in social contributions
high in activity and low in social contributions
high in activity and high in social contributions
low in activity and low in social contributions
(Individual Theory) Avoiding type (melancholic): ________ in activity and ________ in social contribution; withdrawn.
low in activity and low in social contribution
high in activity and low in social contribution
low in activity and high in social contribution
high in activity and high in social contribution
(Individual Theory) Socially useful type (sanguine): ________ in activity and ________ in social contribution; healthy.
high in activity and high in social contribution
low in activity and high in social contribution
high in activity and low in social contribution
low in activity and low in social contribution
Who is the originator of Analytic Theory?
Carl Gustav Jung
Sigmund Freud
Alfred Adler
Erik Erikson
Who was Carl G. Jung?
Student of Freud. Felt Freud placed too much emphasis on libido. Jung's theory postulated that the psyche was directed toward life and awareness. Believed Unconscious is divided into two types.
A famous behaviorist who focused on observable behavior and reinforcement.
A leading figure in humanistic psychology, known for the hierarchy of needs.
A pioneer in cognitive psychology, best known for his work on memory and intelligence.
What does Analytic Theory state about the psyche?
The psyche contains conscious and unconscious elements. Psychopathology sign of something wrong in psyche. Psychodynamic because unconscious elements are addressed. For someone to become more aware unconscious material is explored through the analysis of an individual's dreams, artwork and personal symbols. These are Unconscious messages expressing themselves. Goals is to use unconscious messages to become more aware and closer to full potential. Theory to mystic or spiritual.
The psyche is solely composed of conscious thoughts and rational decisions, with no influence from unconscious elements.
Analytic Theory focuses only on observable behaviors and disregards internal mental processes or symbols.
The psyche is a fixed entity that cannot be changed or influenced by personal experiences or unconscious material.
Name the two unconscious parts of Analytic theory.
Personal unconscious and Collective unconscious
Id and Ego
Conscious and Preconscious
Superego and Ego
(Analytic Theory) Personal unconscious: material from an individual's own experience; this can become ________.
unconscious
conscious
collective
archetypal
(Analytic Theory) Collective unconscious: ________ (Fill in the blank with the correct definition)
dynamics of the psyche inherited from ancestors
personal memories unique to the individual
conscious thoughts and feelings
learned behaviors from society
Archetypes (Analytic theory): ________ (Fill in the blank with the correct definition)
Universally meaningful concepts passed down through the collective unconscious. Allows us to organize our experience with consistent themes and are indicated by cross-cultural similarity in symbols, folklore and myths
A set of learned behaviors unique to each individual and shaped by personal experience.
A collection of conscious thoughts that are influenced by immediate surroundings and environment.
A group of symbols that only have meaning within a single culture and are not shared across societies.
Most common archetypes: ________ (Fill in the blank with the correct answer)
Persona, Shadow, Anima, Animus, Self
Hero, Villain, Mentor, Sidekick, Trickster
Mother, Father, Child, Sage, Warrior
King, Queen, Knight, Bishop, Pawn
(Analytic Theory) Persona: ________ (Fill in the blank with the correct definition)
person's outer mask; mediates the external world
innate drives and instincts; unconscious mind
collective unconscious; shared human experiences
internalized moral standards; conscience
(Analytic Theory) Shadow: ________ (Fill in the blank with the correct definition)
person's dark side, often projected to others
a person's highest potential or ideal self
the conscious mind and its thoughts
a collection of childhood memories
(Analytic Theory) Anima: ________ (Fill in the blank with the correct definition)
female elements that a man possesses
male elements that a woman possesses
the conscious mind of a person
the collective unconscious shared by all humans
(Analytic Theory) Animus: ________ (Fill in the blank with the correct definition)
male elements that a female possesses
female elements that a male possesses
the conscious mind of an individual
the collective unconscious shared by all humans
(Analytic Theory) Self: ________ (Fill in the blank with the correct definition)
full individual potential, symbolized in culture by figures and the mandala
the conscious mind, responsible for rational thought
the collection of repressed memories and desires
the instinctual drives and impulses
Originator of Client-Centered Theory: ________ (Fill in the blank with the correct answer)
Carl Rogers
Sigmund Freud
B.F. Skinner
Abraham Maslow
Client-Centered Theory: ________ (Fill in the blank with the correct definition)
Also known as person-centered or Rogerian theory Client-centered therapy is humanistic. Has an optimistic outlook on human nature. Individuals have an actualizing tendency that can direct them out of conflict and toward their full potential. People who lack congruence between their real selves and their conscious self-concept develop psychological tension.
A theory that focuses on unconscious drives and childhood experiences as the primary motivators of behavior.
A behavioral approach that emphasizes conditioning and reinforcement as the main factors in personality development.
A cognitive theory that centers on the role of mental processes and schemas in shaping behavior and emotions.
Incongruence (Client-Centered Theory) ________ when feelings or experience are inconsistent with the acknowledged concept of the self.
occurs
disappears
improves
strengthens
Name three things therapists provide in Client Centered Theory: ________, unconditional positive regard & genuineness/congruence.
empathy
advice
criticism
judgment
(Client-Centered Theory) Empathy: The therapist should appreciate rather than observe the client's world. They should attempt to stand in the shoes of the client and take an interest in the client's ________.
perspective
appearance
possessions
schedule
(Client-Centered Theory) Unconditional positive regard: This facilitates a trusting and safe environment. Therapist maintains positive feelings for the client no matter what choices, feels, or insight the client ________ in therapy.
explore
ignore
reject
avoid
(Client-Centered Theory) Genuineness/congruence: The feelings and experience of the therapist should match, just as those of the client should match. Therapist should not maintain a professional reserve, but instead speak and act ________ with the client.
genuinely
indifferently
sarcastically
evasively
Who are the originators of Behavior Therapy?
B.F. Skinner, Ivan Pavlov, Joseph Wolpe
Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler
Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky, John Dewey
Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, Rollo May
Behavior Therapy: ________
Focuses on changing behavior
Emphasizes unconscious motives
Centers on dream analysis
Relies on medication
Fill in the blank: __________ is associated with Skinner's operant ideas that behavior is related only to its consequences.
(Behavior Therapy) Radical behavioralism
Classical conditioning
Cognitive restructuring
Humanistic therapy
Fill in the blank: __________ uses Pavlov's classical counterconditioning principles to create new response to stimuli.
(Behavior Therapy) Neobehavioralism
(Psychoanalysis) Free Association
(Humanistic Therapy) Client-Centered Approach
(Cognitive Therapy) Rational Emotive Therapy
Fill in the blank: __________ includes Systematic desensitization, Flooding or implosive therapy, Aversion therapy, Shaping, Modeling.
(Behavior Therapy) Counterconditioning techniques
(Cognitive Therapy) Rational Emotive techniques
(Psychoanalytic Therapy) Free Association techniques
(Humanistic Therapy) Client-centered techniques
Fill in the blank: __________ applies to classical conditioning in order to relieve anxiety. Client is given repeated exposure to the anxiety-producing stimulus in a relaxing situation. First step is often imagery, the anxiety response will be extinguished.
(Behavior Therapy) Systematic desensitization
(Cognitive Therapy) Cognitive restructuring
(Psychoanalytic Therapy) Free association
(Humanistic Therapy) Client-centered approach
Fill in the blank: __________ means imaging the stimulus.
Imagery
Perception
Attention
Sensation
Fill in the blank: __________ applies to classical conditioning in order to relieve anxiety. Client repeatedly exposed to an anxiety-producing stimulus, eventually overexposure simply leads to lessened anxiety.
(Behavior Therapy) Flooding or implosive therapy
Systematic desensitization
Token economy
Aversion therapy
Fill in the blank: __________ employs the operant principle of negative reinforcement in order to increase anxiety. Anxiety-reaction is created where there previously was none. Generally used to treat fetishes.
Aversion therapy
Systematic desensitization
Flooding
Token economy
Fill in the blank: __________ uses operant conditioning to change behavior. The client reinforced behavior that come closer and closer to desired action.
(Behavior Therapy) Shaping
(Cognitive Therapy) Reframing
(Psychoanalysis) Free Association
(Humanistic Therapy) Self-actualization
(Behavior Therapy) Modeling: _________
Employs social learning principles. Methods exposes the client to more adaptive behaviors.
Focuses solely on cognitive restructuring without behavioral change.
Relies exclusively on pharmacological interventions.
Emphasizes punishment over reinforcement in behavior change.
(Behavior Therapy) Assertiveness training: _________?
Provides tools and experience through which the client can become more assertive.
Focuses primarily on improving memory retention.
Is designed to increase physical strength and endurance.
Teaches clients to avoid all forms of confrontation.
(Behavior Therapy) Role playing: _________.
Allows client to practice new behaviors and responses.
Is only used to assess client’s memory.
Focuses solely on past traumatic events.
Discourages client participation.
Who is the originator of Cognitive Theory?
Aaron Beck
Sigmund Freud
B.F. Skinner
Carl Rogers
Aaron Beck believed that _________.
thought determined feelings and behavior. Way the person interprets experience, rather than experience itself. Beck postulated that a cognitive triad cause depression.
unconscious motives are the primary drivers of behavior.
behavior is solely shaped by environmental reinforcements.
biological factors are the only cause of mental disorders.
Cognitive Theory: _________.
Theory give cognitive thought patterns the starring roles in people's lives. Maladaptive conditions lead to abnormal behavior or disturbed affect. Directed therapy helps to expose and restructure maladaptive thought and reasoning patterns. Generally a short term therapy where therapist focuses on tangible evidence of the client's logic (what the client says and does). Removing maladaptive symptoms may not cure problem.
Theory focuses on unconscious drives and childhood experiences as the main factors influencing behavior.
Theory emphasizes observable behaviors and the ways they are learned through interaction with the environment.
Theory centers on the influence of biological processes and genetic factors on behavior and mental processes.
Types of maladaptive cognitions include:
Arbitrary inference, Overgeneralization, Magnifying/minimizing, Personalizing, Dichotomous thinking
Classical conditioning, Operant conditioning, Observational learning, Shaping, Modeling
Positive reinforcement, Negative reinforcement, Punishment, Extinction, Spontaneous recovery
Systematic desensitization, Flooding, Aversion therapy, Token economy, Cognitive rehearsal
(Cognitive Theory) Arbitrary inference means _________?
drawing conclusions with solid evidence. Ex: My boss thinks I'm stupid because he never asks me to play golf
making decisions based on group consensus without evidence.
relying solely on past experiences to make judgments.
ignoring all available information before concluding.
(Cognitive Theory) Overgeneralization means _________?
mistaking isolated incidents for the norm. Ex: No one will ever want to be with me
focusing only on the positive aspects of a situation.
ignoring all evidence that contradicts your beliefs.
believing that everything happens for a reason.
Making too much or too little of something is called _________. Ex: it was luck that I did so well on my exam
Magnifying/minimizing
Overgeneralizing
Personalizing
Catastrophizing
(Cognitive Theory) Magnifying/minimizing: ____________
Inappropriately taking responsibility. Ex: our office's failed project was all my fault
Focusing only on the positive aspects and ignoring the negative
Believing that things will never improve regardless of effort
Assuming others are always judging you
(Cognitive Theory) Personalizing: ____________
Inappropriately taking responsibility. Ex: our office's failed project was all my fault
Blaming others for your own mistakes. Ex: my coworker caused the project to fail
Ignoring your role in a situation. Ex: I had nothing to do with the project's outcome
Focusing only on positive outcomes. Ex: I always succeed no matter what
(Cognitive Theory) Dichotomous thinking: ____________
Black and white thinking. Ex: If I don't score a 750 on the GRE I'll have no future
Thinking in shades of gray. Ex: I can do well even if I don't get a perfect score
Overgeneralizing from one event to all situations
Focusing only on positive outcomes, ignoring negatives
Cognitive triad: ____________
negative views about the self, world and future
positive views about the self, world and future
negative views about the self, family and past
neutral views about the self, world and present
The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI): ____________
measure views and is used to gauge the severity of diagnosed depression
is a tool for measuring anxiety only
is used to diagnose schizophrenia
is a physical fitness assessment
Who is the originator of Rational-Emotive Theory?
Albert Ellis
Sigmund Freud
Carl Rogers
B.F. Skinner
Albert Ellis believed ____________ produced behavior.
intertwined thought and feelings
biological instincts
environmental rewards
unconscious motives
Rational Emotive Theory (RET) includes elements of ____________.
cognitive, behavioral and emotion theory
psychoanalytic and humanistic theory
biological and evolutionary theory
existential and gestalt theory
Who are the originators of Gestalt Theory?
Fritz Perls, Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka
Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler
Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky, Jerome Bruner
B.F. Skinner, John Watson, Ivan Pavlov
Gestalt Theory encourages people to ____________.
stand apart from beliefs, biases and attitudes derived from past. Goal is to full experience and perceive the present to become whole and integrated. Abnormal behavior derived from disturbance
focus only on future goals and ignore present experiences.
rely solely on logical reasoning and suppress emotions.
conform strictly to societal norms without questioning them.
(Gestalt Theory) May not have Insight: ________ (Fill in the blank with the correct definition)
the ability to see how all the pieces of experience fit together
the tendency to repeat learned behaviors
the process of memorizing facts without understanding
the inability to recognize familiar objects
(Gestalt Theory) May not fully experience: ________ (Fill in the blank with the correct definition)
choose not to acknowledge certain aspect of the situation
always focus on every detail equally
never form patterns from stimuli
automatically understand all emotions
Originator of Existentialism: ________ (Fill in the blank with the correct name)
Victor Frankl
Jean-Paul Sartre
Friedrich Nietzsche
Albert Camus
Existentialism: ________ (Fill in the blank with the correct definition)
Revolves around age old philosophical issues, particularly the issue of meaning. Person's greatest struggles are those of being vs. nothing and meaningfulness vs. meaninglessness. Will to meaning. Major contributor: Rollo May. The response to perceive meaninglessness in life is neurosis or neurotic anxiety (as opposed to normal or justified anxiety). Talking therapy in which deep questions relating to client's perceptions and meaning of existence are discussed. Goal is to increase a client's sense of being and meaningfulness. Too abstract for mentally disturbed individuals.
Focuses on unconscious motives and childhood experiences as the root of behavior. Major contributor: Sigmund Freud. Therapy involves dream analysis and free association.
Emphasizes observable behavior and the role of learning in behavior. Major contributors: B.F. Skinner and John Watson. Therapy involves conditioning and reinforcement.
Centers on the individual's capacity for self-actualization and personal growth. Major contributors: Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. Therapy is client-centered and emphasizes empathy and unconditional positive regard.
(Existentialism) Will to meaning: ________ (Fill in the blank with the correct definition)
Individuals constantly striving to rise above a simple behavioral existent toward a meaningful one
The belief that fate determines all actions and choices
A focus on material possessions as the source of happiness
The idea that emotions are the only reality
Psychopharmacology: ________ (Fill in the blank with the correct definition)
Use of medicine to treat mental illness. Drugs do not cure but can alleviate symptoms. Believed that some emotional disturbances are partly caused by biological factors and therefore can be treated with medication. Most treatments aim to affect neurotransmitters.
Study of psychological theories related to mental illness.
Use of psychotherapy to treat physical symptoms of mental illness.
Application of behavioral techniques to modify emotional disturbances.
Neurotransmitters: ________ are chemicals in the brain that transmit impulses to one neuron to another across synapse.
Neurotransmitters
Hormones
Enzymes
Antibodies
Most common neurotransmitters: ________, ________, and ________ are the most common neurotransmitters.
Dopamine, Serotonin, norepinephrine
GABA, Glutamate, Acetylcholine
Histamine, Glycine, Glutamate
Endorphins, Substance P, Enkephalins
Antipsychotics: The first drugs used in psychopathology, usually to treat schizophrenia symptoms (i.e. hallucinations, delusions), block dopamine receptors and inhibit production. What are these drugs called?
Antipsychotics
Antidepressants
Anxiolytics
Mood stabilizers
Antimanics: Drugs of choice to manage bipolar disorder. Inhibit monoamines (norepinephrine and serotonin). What are these drugs called?
Antimanics
Antidepressants
Anxiolytics
Antipsychotics
Antidepressants: Used to reduce depressive symptoms. Drug acts to increase production and transmission of various monoamines. Examples include MAOIs, SSRIs, and TCAs. What are these drugs called?
Antidepressants
Antipsychotics
Anxiolytics
Mood stabilizers
Anxiolytics: Used to reduce anxiety or induce sleep. High habituation and addiction rate. Examples: Valium and Xanax. What are these drugs called?
Anxiolytics
Antibiotics
Analgesics
Antidepressants
What is this drug called?
Antabuse
Naltrexone
Methadone
Acamprosate
