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UAS Mangrove and Coral Ecosystems

Total questions: 96

Worksheet time: 8mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

According to West Java Regional Regulation No.1 of 2013, a mangrove area is defined as:

a)

A coastal area always flooded by seawater

b)

An inland forest that receives tidal water seasonally

c)

A coastal zone regularly flooded by seawater and influenced by tides

d)

A wetland not affected by climate or tidal activity

2.

Karangsong mangrove ecotourism is located in:

a)

Indradiri, Sumatra

b)

Indramayu, West Java

c)

Pontianak, Kalimantan

d)

Subang, West Java

3.

The first mangrove planting effort in Karangsong took place in:

a)

2001

b)

2006

c)

2008

d)

2014

4.

Simple wave breakers in Karangsong were installed in:

a)

2006

b)

2008

c)

2009

d)

2010

5.

The term "bakau" actually refers to:

a)

A local term for Avicenna sp

b)

A type of sediment found in coastal areas

c)

A specific mangrove species, Rhizophora sp.

d)

A category of Mangrove systems

6.

One of the key adaptations of mangrove plants is their tolerance to:

a)

High temperatures

b)

Saltwater conditions

c)

Low humidity

d)

Freshwater flooding

7.

Coral reefs generally thrive in salinity ranges of:

a)

25-25 ‰

b)

15-25 ‰

c)

30-40 ‰

d)

Over 40 ‰

8.

Which factor is essential for coral photosynthesis through their symbiotic algae?

a)

Strong wave energy

b)

Light penetration

c)

Slow sedimentation

d)

Low water pressure

9.

Coral reefs are typically found at depths with:

a)

No sunlight

b)

Intense tidal exposure

c)

Sufficient light for photosynthesis

d)

Below the thermocline

10.

Wave energy affects coral reefs by:

a)

Increasing water current

b)

Transporting nutrients

c)

Structuring reef morphology

d)

Reducing oxygen supply

11.

Which of the following is a meso-scale control factor on coral reefs?

a)

Past sea topography

b)

Nutrient availability

c)

Sea level fluctuation

d)

Water temperature

12.

Hermatypes-symbionts include:

a)

Non-reef-building species

b)

Reef-building corals with symbiotic algae

c)

Deep-sea solitary corals

d)

Corals without calcium skeletons

13.

Which group can survive in dark waters and grow slowly without symbiotic algae?

a)

Hermatypes-symbionts

b)

Hermatypes-asymbionts

c)

Ahermatypes-symbionts

d)

Hydrocorals only

14.

Corals of genus Tubastrea and Dendrophyllia belong to which group?

a)

Hermatypes with symbionts

b)

Ahermatypes with symbionts

c)

Hermatypes without symbionts

d)

Ahermatypes without symbionts

15.

The group that has symbiotic algae but does not contribute to reef formation is:

a)

Hermatypes-asymbionts

b)

Ahermatypes-symbionts

c)

Ahermatypes-asymbionts

d)

Deep-water Scleractinia

16.

Which of the following is TRUE about Hermatypes-asymbionts?

a)

They have no skeleton

b)

They require sunlight for growth

c)

They can live in lightless environments

d)

They dominate shallow reef zones

17.

Reef-building capability is primarily determined by:

a)

Coloration of the coral

b)

Type of nematocyst coral building

c)

Presence of calcium carbonate skeleton

d)

Habitat warm location

18.

What kind of interaction occurs when hard corals and soft corals compete for space?

a)

Grazing

b)

Predation

c)

Competition

d)

Mutualism

19.

A predator of coral polyps includes:

a)

Acanthuridae

b)

Chaetodontidae

c)

Amphiprion

d)

Pomacentridae

20.

Which group of fish is responsible for controlling algae overgrowth on reefs?

a)

Carnivorous groupers like Ephinephelus

b)

Herbivorous fish like Scaridae

c)

Parasitic eels and cleaner fish like doctor fish

d)

Plankton feeders like Nemo/ clown fish

21.

The relationship between cleaner fish and their host is an example of:

a)

Competition

b)

Mutualism

c)

Commensalism

d)

Predation

22.

Coral and zooxanthellae form what kind of relationship?

a)

Commensalism

b)

Predation

c)

Parasitism

d)

Mutualism

23.

The mutual relationship between clownfish (Amphiprion) and anemones is:

a)

Competitive

b)

Predatory

c)

Mutualistic

d)

Parasitic

24.

An example of inter-species competition for food in reef systems includes:

a)

Coral vs sponge

b)

Urchin vs coral

c)

Fish vs fish

d)

Coral vs sea eel

25.

A useful method for analyzing complex interactions in coral ecosystems is:

a)

Color coding

b)

DNA testing

c)

Food web modeling

d)

Wave simulation

26.

According to Steenis (1978), mangroves are:

a)

Rainforest and water vegetation

b)

Plant live near reef

c)

Vegetation that grows between tidal zones

d)

Plants that grow in estuarine and freshwater marshes

27.

Mangrove ecosystems are typically found in:

a)

Shallow water and Deserts

b)

High cliff regions

c)

Tropical coastal areas

d)

Cold oceanic zones

28.

One major physical characteristic of mangrove forests is:

a)

Dry, aerated soil

b)

High elevation, dry

c)

Waterlogged, low-oxygen soils

d)

Abundance of grass species

29.

Which species is a true mangrove genus?

a)

Nympa

b)

Rhizophora

c)

Eucalyptus

d)

Cedrus

30.

The leaves of mangrove trees are typically:

a)

Soft, thick and water loss

b)

Large, thick and spongy

c)

Thick, water-storing, and salt-tolerant

d)

Covered with hairs to prevent heat loss

31.

Mangrove soils are rich in:

a)

Limestone and muddy

b)

Coarse and organic sand

c)

Fine mud and organic matter

d)

Volcanic and organic ash

32.

Mangrove roots that grow upward and resemble pencils are called:

a)

Prop roots

b)

Taproots

c)

Pneumatophores

d)

Fibrous roots

33.

The main function of pneumatophores is to:

a)

Absorb salt

b)

Store energy

c)

Capture oxygen

d)

Anchor the tree

34.

Prop roots are characteristic of which mangrove species?

a)

Avicennia

b)

Rhizophora

c)

Sonneratia

d)

Ceriops

35.

Vivipary in mangroves refers to:

a)

Animal pollination and growing plant

b)

Early seed dispersal by wind

c)

Seed germination while still attached to the parent tree

d)

Asexual reproduction by fragmentation

36.

Which species is known for viviparous reproduction?

a)

Bruguiera spp.

b)

Nypa fruticans

c)

Casuarina equisetifolia

d)

Eucalyptus spp.

37.

When mangrove seedlings fall into the mud and begin growing immediately, this is called:

a)

Rhizoid rooting

b)

Passive wind dispersal

c)

Immediate anchoring

d)

Propagule establishment

38.

One primary ecological role of mangroves is:

a)

Enhancing water vegetation

b)

Filtering seawater for irrigation

c)

Protecting coastlines from erosion

d)

Supporting alpine ecosystems and roots

39.

Mangroves absorb:

a)

Sulfur dioxide

b)

Chlorine gas

c)

Carbon dioxide

d)

Pure nitrogen

40.

Mangrove forests typically grow in:

a)

Well-drained and mud soils

b)

Acidic and sand terrain

c)

Anaerobic and saline environments

d)

Fertile and coastal upland areas

41.

Which of the following is NOT a true mangrove species?

a)

Avicennia marina

b)

Rhizophora mucronata

c)

Sonneratia alba

d)

Ceriops apiculata

42.

One major role of mangroves in disaster risk reduction is:

a)

Increasing aquaculture yield

b)

Attracting migratory birds

c)

Preventing coastal erosion and reducing floods

d)

Enhancing seawater quality

43.

What percentage of the world's mangrove area is found in Indonesia?

a)

25%

b)

23%

c)

33%

d)

45%

44.

According to the World Bank, the annual economic value of mangroves per hectare is estimated between:

a)

US$ 5000-10,000

b)

US$ 1,000-5,000

c)

US$ 15,000-50,000

d)

US$ 100,000-200,000

45.

The primary cause of mangrove loss in Indonesia is:

a)

Tsunami events

b)

Natural diseases

c)

Land conversion

d)

Global warming

46.

Mangroves store a significant amount of carbon, equivalent to emissions from:

a)

2.2 million cars

b)

1.5 billion cars

c)

2.5 billion cars

d)

2.8 billion cars

47.

According to UNESCO (2009), ecotourism is fundamentally a:

a)

Marketing scheme

b)

Community identity

c)

Form of natural resource extraction

d)

Concept of activity

48.

In community-based ecotourism, local people should act as:

a)

Passive explorer

b)

Outsiders to tourism development

c)

Beneficiaries, users, and implementers

d)

Leaseholders of foreign resorts

49.

Which of the following is NOT typically part of ecotourism activities?

a)

Cultural tourism

b)

Mangrove tourism

c)

Extreme adventure sports

d)

Nature interpretation

50.

Which technology is used by BRIN to monitor mangrove ecosystems?

a)

Cultural coastal drones

b)

Optical remote sensing

c)

Upper ground cameras and CCTV

d)

AI-based sonar

51.

Which species is known for its distinctive stilt roots?

a)

Nypa fruticans

b)

Rhizophora apiculata

c)

Avicennia marina

d)

Lumnitzera racemosa

52.

The main purpose of installing wave breakers during restoration is to:

a)

Increase sediment

b)

Filter pollutants and debris

c)

Reduce wave energy

d)

Attract tourist boats

53.

Zoning in mangrove ecotourism development is used to:

a)

Convert land for shrimp ponds

b)

Organize functions and manage activities

c)

Plan government office and traditional houses

d)

Facilitate

54.

A fundamental principle of ecotourism is to:

a)

Build eco-friendly resorts

b)

Maximize short-term profit and sustain

c)

Preserve the environment and local culture

d)

Offer mass-market entertainment and watersports

55.

Mangroves help in climate change mitigation by:

a)

Absorbing sulfur dioxide

b)

Reducing wave reflection

c)

Storing large amounts of carbon

d)

Providing more oxygen

56.

Community-based ecotourism aims to:

a)

Promote tourism

b)

Empower locals as stakeholders

c)

Privatize mangrove lands

d)

Reduce and managing tourist arrivals

57.

The total area of mangroves in Indonesia is approximately:

a)

2.8 million hectares

b)

2.2 million hectares

c)

3.5 million hectares

d)

4.2 million hectares

58.

Hydrological restoration is recommended when:

a)

Seedlings are easily available

b)

The area is accessible by public transportation

c)

Natural growth does not occur successfully

d)

Tourist demand increases

59.

Coral reefs are typically found in:

a)

Tropical muddy sea waters

b)

Tropical shallow marine waters

c)

Near the beach, estuarine, lakes

d)

Temperate estuaries

60.

The estimated global area of coral reef ecosystems is:

a)

860,000 km²

b)

460,000 km²

c)

600,000 km²

d)

1,600,000 km²

61.

The majority of the world's coral reefs are found in:

a)

The Arctic Ocean

b)

The Indian Ocean and Red Sea

c)

The Caribbean Sea

d)

The Mediterranean Sea

62.

The Indo-Pacific region includes coral reefs from:

a)

Africa to the Arctic

b)

Florida to Papuas

c)

Southeast Asia to Polynesia and Australia

d)

Europe to North Asia

63.

The Western Atlantic coral region includes all EXCEPT:

a)

Bermuda

b)

Bahamas

c)

Red Sea

d)

Brazil

64.

Which ocean region contains about 25% of global coral reefs?

a)

Atlantic

b)

Pacific

c)

Arctic

d)

Mediterranean

65.

The Red Sea coral region lies between:

a)

India and Sri Lanka

b)

Africa and Saudi Arabia

c)

Greenland and Iceland

d)

Australia and Indonesia

66.

Coral reefs are mostly distributed between:

a)

0° North and 60° South latitude

b)

Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn

c)

30° North and 30° South latitude

d)

Equator to the poles

67.

Coral reefs require:

a)

Cold, nutrient-rich water

b)

Warm, Deep, clean waters

c)

Warm, clear, shallow water

d)

High biodiversity

68.

Which coral species is most commonly found in shallow Indonesian waters?

a)

Tubastrea micrantha

b)

Acropora echinata

c)

Leptoseris foliosa

d)

Dendrophyllia sp.

69.

The family Acroporidae includes the genera:

a)

Tubastrea and Diaseris

b)

Acropora and Montipora

c)

Leptoseris and Gorgonia

d)

Acropora and Stylaster

70.

Montipora foliosa is:

a)

A rare species found only in the Indonesia sea

b)

The most dominant Montipora species in Indonesia

c)

A deep-sea ahermatype and live in Indonesia shallow water

d)

A black coral with venomous tentacles found in Indonesia

71.

Corals that rely on symbiotic algae for growth are called:

a)

Hermatypes with symbionts

b)

Ahermatypes without skeletons

c)

Crustose coralline algae

d)

Sea hydrozoans

72.

Hermatypes with symbionts:

a)

Live in deep waters

b)

Lack any skeletal spines structures

c)

Build reefs and depend on sunlight

d)

Inhabit deep-sea hydrothermal vents

73.

Which group forms coral reefs but without symbiotic algae?

a)

Alcyonaria

b)

Hermatypes asymbionts

c)

Ahermatypes asymbionts

d)

Hematype with symbionts

74.

Tubastrea and Dendrophyllia are examples of:

a)

Hermatypes with symbionts

b)

Ahermatypes without symbionts

c)

Fast-growing reef builders

d)

Coral-dwelling with asymbionts

75.

Which coral genus belongs to ahermatypes with symbionts?

a)

Leptoseris

b)

Stylaster

c)

Tubastrea

d)

Scleractinia

76.

Ahermatypes without symbionts can:

a)

Grow quickly in clear water

b)

Build large reef structures

c)

Survive in dark environments

d)

Only live in shallow water

77.

Optimal water temperature for coral growth is:

a)

10-15°C

b)

15-20°C

c)

25-30°C

d)

Above 35°C

78.

Coral reefs generally thrive in salinity of:

a)

20-30 ‰

b)

25-30 ‰

c)

30-36 ‰

d)

Over 36 ‰

79.

Coral reefs need light primarily for:

a)

Regulating tentancle spines

b)

Activating symbiotic algae

c)

Filtering food

d)

Protecting from predators

80.

One example of soft coral with symbionts but no reef-building role is from:

a)

Order Gorgonacea

b)

Class Cephalopoda

c)

Order Crustacea

d)

Family Antipatharia

81.

The major biological function of coral nematocysts includes:

a)

Photosynthesis

b)

Calcium absorption

c)

Prey capture and defense

d)

Salt regulation

82.

Which of the following is NOT a major environmental factor influencing coral reef development?

a)

Temperature

b)

Salinity

c)

Rainfall

d)

Light

83.

Mangrove roots help:

a)

Increase wave energy

b)

Trap sediments

c)

Block rainfall

d)

Reduce groundwater

84.

Mangroves contribute to coastal food webs by:

a)

Absorbing all marine waste

b)

Releasing toxins

c)

Producing detritus

d)

Creating gas

85.

Which birds are commonly found in mangrove areas?

a)

Blekok, Murai and hawks

b)

Camar, stork, and herons

c)

Perkutut, Kacer and puffins

d)

Anis merah and swallows

86.

Mangrove forests support aquatic biodiversity by:

a)

Blocking movement and feeding all fish

b)

Removing nutrients and nursery grounds

c)

Serving as fish spawning grounds

d)

Heating for warm water

87.

Indonesia has the highest mangrove species richness, with how many total species?

a)

45

b)

89

c)

50

d)

73

88.

Which of the following is NOT a mangrove tree genus?

a)

Avicennia

b)

Rhizophora

c)

Acacia

d)

Bruguiera

89.

Mollusks in mangrove ecosystems typically live:

a)

On leaves

b)

On branches

c)

On roots and trunks

d)

On substrat tree

90.

Which animals help decompose detritus in mangrove mud?

a)

Jellyfish

b)

Detritivorous snails

c)

Sea snakes

d)

Grouper fish

91.

What is a typical crustacean found in mangroves?

a)

Lobster

b)

Mud crab

c)

Mangrove crab

d)

Spider crab

92.

Which fish genus is known for mutualism with mangrove anemones?

a)

Serranus

b)

Pomacentrus

c)

Tilapia

d)

Gobioides

93.

Mangrove wood is commonly used for:

a)

Jewelry production

b)

Pulp and paper

c)

Mining and food equipment

d)

Glass and paper making

94.

The final products made from mangrove pulp include:

a)

Cardboard boxes

b)

Copier paper/ photo paper

c)

Plastic containers

d)

Paper blocks

95.

How much of mangrove wood is typically used in paper production?

a)

100%

b)

70%

c)

10-30%

d)

1-5%

96.

One traditional use of mangroves by coastal communities is:

a)

Carving ivory

b)

Brewing coffee

c)

Producing charcoal

d)

Extracting oil for engines

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