• Maintain chemical balance (ph, minerals, iron, salts)

• Detoxification

• Blood pressure regulation

• The functional units of the kidney, containing glomeruli (where filtration occurs) and tubules (where reabsorption and secretion take place).

• Carry the urine from kidneys to the urinary bladder

Stores the urine temporarily

(a)  

• Carries urine from the urethra to outside the body

• Endocrine hormones (cortex) → corticoids (mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, sex hormones supplements)

• Epinephrine and norepinephrine (medulla)

• Kidneys are (a)  

The following structures are (a)   to the kidneys:

• diaphragm, psoas muscle, transverse muscle, and the quadratus lumborum muscle.

• Virtual space between liver and RT KID

• Anterosuperior and slightly medial to RT KID

• Anterosuperior and slightly medial to the LT KID

• Ureters are (a)   structures

• Start at the renal pelvis in the renal hilum on each side and go inferiorly to merge into the urinary bladder posteriorly

• Ureters pass (a)   to the psoas muscle and then cross the bifurcation of the common iliac arteries.

• In the pelvic cavity, ureters pass (a)   to the ductus deferens (males) and uterine artery (females)

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• Include apical, upper, middle, and lower segmental arteries.

• Divide into lobar arteries

Branch into interlobar arteries

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• Run between the medullary pyramids

• Divide into arcuate arteries

• Form an arch-like structure at the border between the renal cortex and medulla.

• Give rise to the interlobular arteries

• Extend into the cortex

• Give off afferent arterioles.

Carry filtered blood away from kidneys to IVC

(a)  

The bladder is a (a)   structure

The bladder is (a)   to Symphysis Pubis

In the male, the bladder is (a)   to the seminal vesicles and rectum

In the male, the bladder is (a)   to the prostate gland

Ductus deferens: superior lateral from scrotum; crosses ureter anteriorly into the prostate gland in relation to the (a)  

In the female, the bladder is (a)   to the vagina, cul-de-sac, and rectum

Membranous canal that originates from the urinary bladder at its inferior border (specifically, at the bladder neck) and extends to the exterior of the body

(a)  

Serves as the passageway for urine to exit the body.

(a)  

In the (a)   , the urethra is much longer

Is divided into several parts (prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, and spongy, aka penile urethra

(a)  

Membranous urethra passing through the pelvic floor muscles

(a)  

Much shorter

o Passes through the pelvic floor before opening to the exterior.

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• focal bulge on the lateral border of LT KID that resembles the hump of a dromedary camel. It is caused by the indentation of the spleen on the LT KID over time. The spleen's pressure creates a bulge in the kidney's outline

• portion of the renal cortex extends into the renal sinus, potentially mimicking a renal tumor

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• Renal size, length, width, and morphology.

• Identify location

• Assess vascularity

• Assess echogenicity

• Differentiate solid vs cystic tumors

• Trauma

• Hypertension

• Kidney disease

Evaluate for congenital malformations, masses (hematoma, tumors), abscesses, cysts, and hyperplasia.

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Heterogeneous, Smooth, Elliptical (bean shaped) (longitudinal view), Rounded in axial view

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Anechoic, Smooth, Linear tubular, Seen in the hilarious region

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Highly reflective, Thin, continuous, Follows the shape of the kidney, Seen in the periphery

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Medium-gray; low level homogeneous

Lower echogenicity than liver

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Extensions between medullary pyramids→ columns of Bertin

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Anechoic with bright walls, Medullary pyramids, Triangular, round, or blunted areas

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Bright-echo dense, Irregular, Ovoid, Contains fat and fibrous tissues,

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Anechoic lumen Bright walls, Symmetric Smooth

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Axial view: square-like Longitudinal: ovoid or oblong

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• Size and shape depends on the volume of urine stored.

• Not visible well if empty

Hyperechoic
May be seen with Color Doppler

Slit-like or oval

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Posterior aspect of bladder (trigone area)

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Hyperechoic, Smooth, Linear tubular, Not always seen

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Anechoic, Smooth, Tubular, Usually not seen; unless distended

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Which arteries are highlighted yellow

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Which artery is highlighted dark blue

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Which artery is highlighted red

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Which artery is highlighted teal

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