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WorksheetsResearc p2
Total questions: 110
Worksheet time: 1hrs 6mins
The degree to which the results of a particular standardized test actually correspond to what the test is measuring is known as:
Internal validity
Concurrent validity
Social validity
Predictive validity
Which research method requires careful attention to word selection?
Randomized controlled trial
Observational study
Clinical trial
Survey
Who of the following psychologists was extremely influential in advancement of the intelligence test?
Elizabeth Loftus
Henry Murray
Alfred Adler
David Wechsler and Alfred Binet
In program evaluation, the first thing you might do is:
Determine the appraisal process
Plan the program's goals
Gather information
Create an appropriate research design
Which of the following is an example of a interval scale?
Fahrenheit degrees
Class rank
Clothing brand
Reaction time
A university psychology professor seeks to verify that her test is a fair representation of material covered during the semester. What is the professor assessing?
Content validity
Alternate-form reliability
Discriminant validity
Split-half reliability
In an experiment to see if location has an effect on recall, there is a group in which students learn the words in one location and recall them in the same location. In the other group, the students learn words in a classroom and are asked to recall them in the gymnasium. What would you call the second group?
The experimental group
The independent variable
The control group
The exposure group
You have researched the effects of hypnosis vs. autogenics as treatment for posttraumatic stress on male and female Gulf War soldiers. Which technique will you use to properly analyze your data from this study?
Within-subjects design
ANOVA
Two-way analysis of variance
Factor analysis
Kelly decides to research her psychology project by going through old newspaper articles, magazines, and even journals of the individuals involved. What is the term for this?
Archival analysis
Documentarian research
Historical balance
Incidental conclusions
Which two attributes have a positive correlation?
Schizophrenia and the need for social activity
Fear and the need for social activity
Anxiety and the need for social activity
Clinical depression and the need for social activity
Which research model best describes cause-and-effect relationships?
Experimental
Comparative
Causal
Correlational
You might conclude that diffusion of treatment is a threat to internal validity because:
Treatment cannot be evaluated
Regression will always migrate toward the mean
It is difficult to determine dependent and independent variables
The experimental and control groups are not equivalent
Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationship?
1.50
0.63
0.70
-0.80
Which of the following is a feature of experimental research?
A. Observation without manipulation
B. Interviewing participants about past experiences
C. Analyzing trends using existing data
D. Manipulating variables to observe effects
What statement is correct concerning action research in its assessment of programs?
It is a form of evaluative research performed to aid in operation planning
It is a type of evaluative research aimed at maintaining stable methodology in the operating program
Its goal is to show improvement in the operations of programs through its evaluative research orientation and scientific approach
It is a method of evaluative research identifying the needs of a group
What is a single subject research design?
Research where all subjects must not be involved in romantic relationships (dating status is "single")
Research which gathers information about an assessment's validity
Research that is the result of a single treatment
Research containing data from only one control group that can be recorded by many observers
What distinguishes non-experimental research?
A. It uses random assignment
B. It focuses on control groups
C. It observes variables without manipulation
D. It relies on clinical trials
To find a Z-score, an individual will:
Divide the raw score by the standard deviation
Subtract the mean from the raw score and divide by the standard deviation
Subtract the mean from the raw score and then multiply by the median
Subtract the median from the raw score and then divide by the standard deviation
An r value of -0.90 indicates that there is a:
Strong negative relationship between x and y
Weak negative relationship between x and y
Weak positive relationship between x and y
Strong positive relationship between x and y
If the correlation coefficient is -1.09, this suggests:
A strong negative correlation
A causal relationship
An error in math
A large sample
In data analysis, contrasts are used only when:
Data are linear
Effect size is unknown
Specific hypotheses or relationships are being tested
Post hoc tests must be performed
What is the highest possible correlation?
100.00
1.00
.00
.50
Which of the following features would one find in a double-blind experiment?
Experimenters are aware of both dependent and independent variables prior to the experiment
The independent variable remains unknown to both subjects and researchers during the course of the experiment
Neither experimenters nor subjects are aware of dependent-variable levels
The Hawthorne effect should not be an issue in testing
Correlation coefficient data is best displayed in a:
Scatterplot
Linear diagram
Histogram
Causation graph
In the process of studying the Japanese language, Chelsea discovers that the more time she spends practicing, the better she gets. What are the independent and the dependent variables?
Both time and Chelsea's progress in learning the Japanese language are independent variables
Both time and Chelsea's progress in learning the Japanese language are dependent variables
Time is the independent variable, and Chelsea's progress in learning the Japanese language is the dependent variable
Chelsea's progress in learning the Japanese language is the independent variable, and time is the dependent variable
A university psychology professor seeks to verify that her test is a fair representation of material covered during the semester. What is the professor assessing?
Content validity
Split-half reliability
Discriminant validity
Alternate-form reliability
An increase in one measurement corresponding to an increase in another measurement would be an example of a:
Correlative cause
Primary cause
Positive correlation
Positive cause
Which method can show cause and effect?
Uncontrolled observational
Correlational
Controlled observationa
Experimental
Robert wants to study child development by examining the behavior of a particular group of children at given points over a span of twenty years. What method of research analysis is Robert using?
Retrospective
Longitudinal
Sequential
Cross-sectional
In a medical study, one group is given a new drug developed to help cure the common cold. The other group is given a sugar pill. What is the sugar pill called?
A control drug
a placebo
An independent drug
A null drug
Sterling wants to see if elementary-school-age males and females prefer corn dogs or hamburgers for lunch in the cafeteria. Her null hypothesis says that there is no significant difference in the proportion of male and female students who prefer hot dogs or pizza. Sterling should use what statistical method for testing her hypothesis?
Multiple Regression
F-test
T-test
Chi-square
Which of the following has a negative effect on IQ scores?
Educational challenges
Divorce between parents
Growing older
Happily married parents
When someone mentions that a particular statistical test has power, you should think that this relates to:
Establishing an operational hypothesis
Positively rejecting a false null hypothesis
Establishing an operational null hypothesis
Correctly verifying a false null hypothesis
An increase in one measurement corresponding to an increase in another measurement would be an example of a:
Correlative cause
Positive correlation
Primary cause
Positive cause
Descriptive statistics ______ while inferential statistics ______.
Summarize data; make assumptions about the population
Make assumptions about the population; summarize data
Make assumptions about the population; make inferences about the population
Describe data; summarize data
A single-blind study is one in which:
Federal programs deal with handicapped individuals
The subjects are kept in the dark regarding the research
Any secondary independent variables are corrected statistically
The research subject's status is unknown
A researcher wishing to use the field-study method would most likely be found where?
Interviewing the child's parents
Teaching a class of children
Observing a school playground
Interviewing children individually
To avoid differences in an experimenter's behavior toward subjects, you should implement a:
Controlled experiment
Placebo
Single-blind procedure
Double-blind procedure
In a study you conducted, you find that the correlation between an individual's self-concept and academic performance is positive. Based on this finding, you might rightly conclude that:
Self-concept is an important cause of academic performance
When self-concept goes up, so does academic performance
A relationship between academic performance and self-concept has been established
Academic performance is an important cause of one's self-concept
The best way to describe a correlation coefficient is as a:
Study that can be replicated
Measure of the magnitude of the relationship between two variables
Measure of positive or negative error
Direction between an independent and dependent variable
Overall, how would you describe the relationship between shoe size and height?
In this population, there was a reasonably strong, positive relationship between the two.
In this population, there was a reasonably strong, inverse relationship between the two.
The larger the shoe size, the shorter students tend to be.
There doesn't seem to be much relationship between shoe size and height in this sample.
Is there a correlation between the distance a student lives from school and their test grades?
yes
no
When two variables increase and decrease together.
Strong Correlation
Positive Correlation
Negative Correlation
Weak Correlation
What is the primary purpose of using a scatterplot in statistics?
To show the distribution of a single variable
To show the relationship between two variables
To show the frequency of data points
To show the central tendency of data
What does a negative correlation indicate about the relationship between two variables?
As one variable increases, the other increases
As one variable increases, the other decreases
No relationship
Both variables decrease
What does a correlation coefficient of 0 indicate?
Strong positive correlation
Strong negative correlation
No correlation
Perfect correlation
When two variables appear to have a relationship it is said they have a...
random sample
random assignment
control factor
correlation
Mean
Average of a set of numbers
Mode
The most frequently appearing number in a data set
Median
The middle number in a data set
Range
The difference between the highest & lowest numbers in a data set
A correlation coefficient of 0.8 is a _______________ and suggests that as one variable ____________, the other variable ______________.
strong positive | increases | increases
weak positive | increases | increases
strong positive | increases | decreases
weak positive | increases | decreases
What kind of relationship?
Positive Correlation
Negative Correlation
No Relationship
What kind of relationship?
Positive Correlation
Negative Correlation
No Relationship
A moderate positive correlation has been found between a person's weight and hours of television watched per week. Which of the following scatterplots best shows this relationship?
1
2
3
4
What is the most used number in a data set?
mean
median
mode
maximum
Research that uses observation and relies on descriptive data is known as:
Query Research
Quality Research
Qualitative Research
Quantitative Research
This type of survey uses open-ended questions:
Experiment
Questionnaire
Interview
Case Study
Research based on observation of people in any given environment (place) in known as:
Experimentation
Participant Research
Natural Observation
In-Depth Surveying
All the people with the characteristics that a researcher wants to study.
population
survey
questionaire
boat
Normal Distribution / Normal Curve
The subgroup of the sample that receives the independent variable.
experimental group
control group
population
A mathematical methods that employ probability theory for deducing (inferring) the properties of a population from the analysis of the properties of a data sample drawn from it. It is concerned also with the precision and reliability of the inferences it helps to draw. It is called?
Inferential statistics
Descriptive statistics
Nominal statistics
Correlation statistics
Which of the following is the mode for the data set: 4, 4, 5, 6, 7, 7, 7, 8, 9?
4
7
9
___________ _________ is high when confounding variables have been controlled and we are quite certain that it was the change in the IV that caused the change in the DV.
External validity
Population validity
Internal validity
Ecological validity
Which correlation coefficient indicates the highest correlation?
0.92
-0.38
-0.11
0.67
Name the type of graph.
pie chart
tally chart
pictograph
bar graph
What is the dependent variable on this graph?
Year
Number of Visitors
None of these
T9 - What is the best title for this graph?
The effect of the number of trees on the type of tree
The change in type of trees over number of trees
Number of trees vs. Type of trees
A comparison of the number of trees for 5 different types of trees
Match the following parts of an experiment set up
things kept the same in an experiment
controlled variables
factor the experimenter changes
independent variable
factor that is measured
dependent variable
does NOT receive the experiment treatment
control group
procedure done to test a hypothesis
experiment
Chase, Matti, and Grace are planning to grow plants for their school project. They understand that the amount of water, sunlight, and type of soil must be kept the same for all plants for the experiment to be fair. This is known as a (a) . Can you help them identify what it is?
control group
quantitative
constant
law
The part of the experiment that does not contain the independent variable. Used for comparison.
Control Group
Experimental Group
Results
Data
How many variables should you change in an experiment?
none
only 1
2 or more
depends on the type of experiment
Which of the following best describes a negative correlation?
As one variable increases, the other increases
As one variable increases, the other decreases
Both variables remain constant
There is no relationship between the variables
What is the main purpose of using a control group in an experiment?
To ensure all participants receive the treatment
To compare the effects of the treatment against no treatment
To increase the number of variables in the study
To eliminate the need for statistical analysis
Which of the following best describes a confounding variable in an experiment?
A variable that is intentionally manipulated by the researcher
A variable that is kept constant throughout the experiment
A variable that unintentionally influences the outcome of the experiment
A variable that is measured as the result of the experiment
What is the main advantage of using random assignment in experimental research?
It ensures that the sample is representative of the population
It reduces the impact of confounding variables
It eliminates the need for a control group
It guarantees a large sample size
What characterizes data on a nominal scale?
A. Rank order with unequal intervals
B. Numerical data with a true zero
C. Quantitative data with equal spacing
D. Categories with no logical order
Which is a nominal variable?
A. Blood pressure
B. Education level
C. Eye color
D. Temperature
Which of the following is an example of a nominal scale?
Height in centimeters
Test scores
Types of fruit (apple, banana, orange)
Temperature in Celsius
What is the main purpose of an ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)?
A. To compare the relationship between two continuous variables
B. To compare the means of three or more groups
C. To determine if two variables are correlated
D. To analyze individual scores within a single group
What is a Two-Way ANOVA used for?
A. To test one group at two time points
B. To compare the frequencies of two categorical variables
C. To study the effect of two independent variables on one dependent variable
D. To measure how one variable changes over time
When would you use a One-Way ANOVA instead of a t-test?
A. When you have two groups and one dependent variable
B. When you are testing frequency counts in a surve
C. When you are measuring one group at two time points
D. When you have more than two groups to compare on one variable
What is the main purpose of a t-test in research?
A. To compare the means of two groups to see if they are significantly different
B. To compare the variance between three or more groups
C. To test how one variable predicts another
D. To test differences in frequencies among categories
Which of the following best represents ordinal data?
A. Test scores on a math exam
B. High school class ranking
C. Zip codes of students
D. Number of siblings
What is a characteristic of categorical data?
A. It is measured on a scale with equal intervals
B. It consists of labels or groups
C. It always includes a true zero
D. It can only be collected through experiments
When is it appropriate to use a Chi-Square test?
A. When comparing the means of numerical data
B. When analyzing frequencies or counts in categorical data
C. When testing changes in continuous variables over time
D. When comparing means across four different conditions
Which of the following best describes construct validity?
A. How well the test predicts future performance
B. How consistent the test results are over time
C. How well the test measures what it claims to measure
D. How well test scores relate to similar tests
What is a Type I error in hypothesis testing?
A. Failing to reject a false null hypothesis
B. Rejecting a true null hypothesis
C. Accepting an alternative hypothesis
D. Not collecting enough data
Which scenario best illustrates a Type I error?
A. Concluding a new drug works when it actually doesn’t
B. Failing to detect an effect that exists
C. Using the wrong statistical test
D. Measuring the wrong variable
What is a Type II error in hypothesis testing?
A. Rejecting a true null hypothesis
B. Accepting a false null hypothesis
C. Collecting biased data
D. Calculating the wrong p-value
In research, what does a probability value (like p = 0.03) represent?
A. The chance the null hypothesis is true
D. The total number of samples used
C. The likelihood of Type II error
D. The chance that random error caused the results
What does a probability of 0.05 indicate in hypothesis testing?
A. The results are definitely significant
B. The null hypothesis is false
C. There’s a 5% chance the results occurred by random chance
D. Power is maximized
What does a p-value less than 0.05 typically mean?
A. There is strong evidence against the null hypothesis
B. The null hypothesis is always true
C. There is no relationship between variables
D. The test was underpowered
Which statement is true about the p-value?
A. It tells you how large your sample is
B. It measures the strength of the relationship
C. It indicates the probability of a Type II error
D. It shows how likely the observed result is under the null hypothesis
What does statistical power refer to?
A. The chance of making a Type I error
B. The size of the effect in the population
C. The ability to detect an effect if it exists
D. The p-value being under 0.05
How can a researcher increase the statistical power of a study?
A. Lower the alpha level
B. Use a smaller sample size
C. Increase sample size or effect size
D. Raise the p-value cutoff
What is the alpha level in hypothesis testing?
A. The likelihood of accepting the alternative hypothesis
B. The maximum risk you're willing to take for a Type I error
C. The confidence level of your interval
D. The difference between means
Why do researchers typically set alpha at 0.05?
A. It ensures 100% certainty in results
B. It maximizes the power of the test
C. It's the lowest value available
D. It reflects a 95% confidence level
What is typically the first step in a quantitative research study?
A. Collect participant stories
B. Choose a statistical method
C. Formulate a clear, testable hypothesis
D. Interpret the themes in the data
Which of the following best describes an interval scale?
A. Categories with no order
B. Ordered data with equal intervals but no true zero
C. Data with a true zero and equal intervals
D. Names or labels only
Which of the following is an example of a ratio scale?
A. IQ score
B. C. Political affiliation
C. Age in years
D. Customer satisfaction rating
Why is weight considered a ratio variable?
A. It can be described using categories
B. It has no meaningful zero point
C. It has a true zero and ratios can be calculated
D. It ranks order only
Which variable is measured on an interval scale?
A. Temperature in Fahrenheit
B. Height
C. Marital status
D. Number of children
1. Which of the following is most important during the data analysis phase of quantitative research?
A. Looking for patterns in language
B. Transcribing interviews
C. Asking open-ended questions
D. Using statistical tests to examine numerical data
How are results typically presented in quantitative research?
A. As personal reflections
B. Through numeric data, charts, and statistical summaries
C. In the form of themes and narratives
D. With detailed interview quotes
What is usually the starting point for a qualitative research study?
A. Identify a phenomenon or research question to explore
B. Form a testable hypothesis
C. Run statistical models
D. Create a frequency distribution
What makes ordinal scales different from nominal scales?
A. They involve meaningful order or ranking
B. They are used for categorical data
C. They include a true zero
D. They allow for arithmetic operations
Which variable is an example of continuous data?
A. Type of pet owned
B. Height in inches
C. Hair color
D. Zip code
Which of the following methods is most commonly used in qualitative research?
A. Structured surveys with yes/no answers
B. Controlled experiments
C. In-depth interviews or focus groups
D. Multiple-choice questionnaires
How is data typically analyzed in qualitative research?
A. By calculating averages and standard deviations
B. By comparing group meansBy comparing group means
C. By computing regression coefficients
D. By identifying themes and coding responses
Which of the following is NOT a common ethical consideration in qualitative research?
Informed Consent
Confidentiality
Anonymity
Deception
Which of the following is a common method for collecting qualitative data?
Surveys with numerical scales
Experiments with control and experimental groups
Interviews and focus groups
Statistical analysis
