Worksheetsexam 4 (1-54)
Total questions: 48
Worksheet time: 24mins
In the search for the genetic material, researchers knew it must do what 3 things?
Mutate constantly, move quickly, and be small
Store information, replicate accurately, and express information to control traits
Be made of protein, stay in the nucleus, and create energy
Be unique to each organism and change daily
What type of macromolecule is DNA?
Protein
Lipid
Nucleic acid
Carbohydrate
What is the subunit of a nucleic acid?
Amino acid
Nucleotide
Glucose
Fatty acid
All nucleotides consist of what 3 things?
A sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
Protein, lipid, and carbohydrate
Ribose, lipid, and adenine
Hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
What is the sugar in DNA?
Ribose
Glucose
Deoxyribose
Fructose
What are the four nitrogen-containing bases in DNA?
Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Uracil
Guanine, Uracil, Cytosine, Adenine
Did Chargaff find that the amounts of A, T, C, and G varied between species or were the same?
They were the same
They varied between species
Only A and T varied
Only C and G varied
The amount of adenine is always equal to what?
Cytosine
Thymine
Guanine
Uracil
The amount of guanine is always equal to what?
Thymine
Cytosine
Adenine
Uracil
What is the difference between purines and pyrimidines?
Purines are sugars; pyrimidines are bases
Purines have two rings; pyrimidines have one ring
Purines are proteins; pyrimidines are carbohydrates
Purines are larger than DNA molecules
Which bases are purines and which are pyrimidines?
Purines: Thymine, Cytosine; Pyrimidines: Adenine, Guanine
Purines: Adenine, Guanine; Pyrimidines: Thymine, Cytosine
Purines: Adenine, Thymine; Pyrimidines: Cytosine, Guanine
Purines: Cytosine, Uracil; Pyrimidines: Adenine, Thymine
Who discovered the structure of DNA and when?
Watson and Crick in 1953
Franklin and Wilkins in 1945
Mendel in 1865
Darwin in 1859
What is the structure of DNA?
Triple helix
Double helix
Single strand
Branched
What molecules make up the backbone of DNA?
Sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate groups
Nitrogen bases and proteins
Sugars and amino acids
Lipids and carbohydrates
Where are the bases located in DNA?
On the outside of the helix
Inside the helix, paired in the middle
Only at the ends of the helix
Mixed with phosphates
What bases pair together?
A with C; G with T
A with T; G with C
A with G; C with T
A with U; C with G
What bonds hold the bases together?
Ionic bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Covalent bonds
Peptide bonds
What are the 3 steps of DNA replication?
Transcription, translation, and duplication
Unwinding, base pairing, joining
Separation, mutation, protein synthesis
Transduction, translation, replication
Why is DNA replication called semi-conservative?
Each new DNA molecule contains one original and one new strand
Half of the molecule is discarded
Only one strand is copied
It is not fully accurate
What does the one gene-one polypeptide theory say?
Each gene codes for one polypeptide (protein)
Each gene codes for many traits
Proteins create genes
Polypeptides code for DNA
What are 3 differences between DNA and RNA?
RNA has ribose, is single-stranded, and uses uracil instead of thymine
RNA has deoxyribose, is double-stranded, and uses thymine
RNA is a protein, has uracil, and is double-stranded
RNA and DNA are identical
What are the 3 types of RNA and what does each do?
mRNA (messenger), tRNA (transfer), rRNA (ribosomal)
DNA, RNA, protein
mRNA, DNA, ATP
Messenger DNA, transfer DNA, ribosomal DNA
What is a gene?
A DNA segment that codes for a protein
A piece of RNA
A protein fragment
An enzyme
What is gene expression?
When DNA is destroyed
The process by which information from a gene is used to make protein
When proteins are broken down
RNA replication
What are the 2 steps of gene expression?
Transcription and translation
Replication and division
Duplication and repair
Mutation and expression
Where does transcription occur?
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Ribosome
Golgi apparatus
What is transcription?
Copying DNA into RNA
Copying RNA into DNA
Protein synthesis
Energy production
Where does translation occur?
Nucleus
Cytoplasm at the ribosome
Mitochondria
Lysosome
What is translation?
Using mRNA to make a protein
Using protein to make mRNA
DNA replication
Breaking down RNA
What is the genetic code?
The rules that relate codons to amino acids
The order of proteins in a gene
The pairing rules for DNA
The number of chromosomes in a cell
What are codons?
Single nucleotides on tRNA
Triplets of nucleotides on mRNA that code for amino acids
Sequences of DNA that cut proteins
Groups of amino acids in proteins
How many codons are there?
32
64
20
4
How many start and stop codons are there?
3 start, 1 stop
1 start, 3 stop
2 start, 2 stop
4 start, 4 stop
Is the genetic code universal?
Yes, almost all organisms use the same code
No, each organism has its own code
Only animals share the same code
Only bacteria and humans share the same code
What are introns?
Coding regions of a gene
Non-coding regions removed during RNA processing
RNA molecules that make proteins
Parts of DNA that form codons
Is mRNA processed before leaving the nucleus?
No, it goes straight to the ribosome
Yes, introns are removed and a cap and tail are added
No, it remains unmodified
Only in bacteria
Where does mRNA go when it leaves the nucleus?
To the mitochondria
To the ribosome in the cytoplasm
Back into the nucleus
To the chloroplast
What is an anti-codon and what RNA has it?
A triplet on rRNA that pairs with tRNA
A triplet on tRNA that pairs with the mRNA codon
A triplet on DNA that makes proteins
A triplet on mRNA that binds the ribosome
What does tRNA carry to the ribosome?
Codons
Amino acids
DNA fragments
Introns
What is a polysome/polyribosome?
A single ribosome
Multiple ribosomes attached to one mRNA, making many proteins
A group of amino acids forming proteins
A type of RNA
What is a mutation?
A normal process in DNA replication
A change in DNA sequence
A protein error
The removal of introns
What is a gene mutation?
A mutation affecting an entire chromosome
A mutation affecting a single gene
A protein misfolding
A change in mRNA only
What are the 2 types of gene mutations?
Point mutations and frameshift mutations
Deletion and duplication
Structural and numerical
Inversion and translocation
What happens in a frameshift mutation?
A single base is changed
Addition or deletion shifts the reading frame
Codons pair differently
RNA is altered after translation
What happens in a point mutation?
A single base is changed
Multiple bases are deleted
A codon is duplicated
Chromosomes are rearranged
What are mutagens?
Agents that cause mutations
Ribosomes
Genes that mutate themselves
Proteins that repair DNA
What are 3 examples of mutagens?
Vitamins, minerals, proteins
UV radiation, chemicals, X-rays
Water, carbohydrates, lipids
Heat, light, oxygen
If a mutation occurs in body cells, what disease results?
Flu
Cancer
Diabetes
Huntington's
