The gaseous layer surrounding the Earth and held to

its surface by gravity.

(a)  

The part of the planet composed of rocks and

minerals.

(a)  

- This contains all living organisms.

- Intimately related to the other three spheres

(a)  

Physical Properties of Minerals

the ability of a mineral to resist abrasion or

scratching.

(a)  

the most readily identifiable, not a reliable.

(a)  

the way in which the surface of a mineral

reflects light.

(a)  

It is the natural shape of a mineral before

the occurrence of breakage or cleavage.

(a)  

mineral's perfectness or flatness of

breakage.

(a)  

breakage of minerals that does not show well

defined planes.

(a)  

the amount of matter present in a certain

amount of space or volume.

(a)  

measure of a mineral’s density as

compared to water

(a)  

the degree by which the mineral transmit

light.

(a)  

- formed when molten magma cool and harden.

- crystalline texture and often hard and dense.

(a)  

(a)   (Plutonic) Igneous Rock - cooled slowly

beneath Earth’s surface.

Examples:

- granite and diorite

(a)   (Volcanic) Igneous Rock - cooled rapidly on

the surface after eruptions.

Examples:

- basalt and obsidian

formed by the accumulation and compaction of

sediments.

Examples:

- conglomerate and limestone

(a)  

- pre-existing rocks that have been in contact with

high temperature or pressure.

Examples:

- schist and gneiss

(a)  

ROCK CYCLE PROCESS

where magma cools and solidifies

into rock.

(a)  

breaking down rocks into smaller

particles.

(a)  

movement of those particles by wind, water,

ice.

(a)  

settling of sediments to form layered

rocks.

(a)  

rocks change form due to heat and

pressure beneath Earth’s surface

(a)  

Geological processes that occur beneath the surface of the Earth.

(a)  

Earth’s Internal Heat

1. - the leftover heat trapped inside Earth from when the planet first formed, billions of years ago.

(a)  

Earth’s Internal Heat

2 - radioactive decay of elements

(a)  

Deformation

1. - occurs when compressional forces push rock layers together.

(a)  

Deformation

2. - when rocks are stretched or compressed beyond their breaking point.

(a)  

Types of Faults

▪

- Tensional stress

- Hanging wall moves down

(a)  

Types of Faults

▪

- compressional stress

- hanging wall moves up

(a)  

TYPES OF FAULT

▪

- Horizontal shear stress

- Blocks slide past each other horizontally

(a)  

TYPES OF FAULT

▪

- Combination of tension/compression and shear

- Movement is diagonal (vertical + horizontal)

(a)  

Processes are driven by forces originating at or above Earth’s

surface.

(a)  

the Earth's outermost layer, made up of solid

rocks and minerals (Continental and Oceanic).

(a)  

less dense and more ductile.

- lithosphere (rigid outer layer)

- asthenosphere (semi-fluid layer that allows for

tectonic plate movement).

(a)  

high pressure, which keeps it mostly

solid despite high temperatures.

(a)  

it plays a crucial role in generating our

planet’s magnetic field.

(a)  

innermost layer of our planet, a dense,

solid sphere made mostly of iron and nickel.

(a)  

Continental Drift Theory

- Proposed by (a)   in 1912

- suggests that we were once part of a supercontinent which

broke apart over time.

Seafloor Spreading

- Proposed by (a)   in 1960

- explains how new oceanic crust is formed and how tectonic

plates move apart beneath the ocean.

- where new oceanic crust is created as Earth's plates slowly

pull apart.

(a)  

- Earth’s outer shell (lithosphere) is broken into large pieces

called tectonic plates.

(a)  

- the actual slabs of rock that make up Earth’s outer shell

(lithosphere).

(a)  

are sedimentary rocks that form in layers, called strata.

- are deposited, compacted, and cemented together

(a)  

- quantitative measurement

- used to determine the exact age of an artifact or a site

using methods.

(a)  

- qualitative measurement

- used to determine which object or item is older in

comparison to the other one.

(a)  

- new rock layers are always deposited on top of

existing rock layers.

(a)  

- all rock layers are originally laid down (deposited)

horizontally and can later be deformed.

(a)  

- rock layers extend laterally, or out to the sides.

Inclusions

(a)  

- any rock fragments that are included in rock must be

older than the rock in which they are included.

(a)  

- feature that cuts through layers (like a fault or

intrusion) is younger than the layers it disrupts.

(a)