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CBNS: 121 Neurodevelopment

Total questions: 50

Worksheet time: 29mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

Which structure in amphibian embryos is responsible for inducing a secondary axis when transplanted?

a)

Neural Crest

b)

Spemann-Mangold organizer

c)

Floor plate

d)

Roof plate

2.

Which of the following molecules are BMP antagonists? (Select all that apply)

a)

Noggin

b)

Chordin

c)

Follistatin

d)

Sonic Hedgehog

e)

Dkk1

3.

The "activator" phase of the Activator-Transformer model promotes:

a)

Dorsal neural fate along the anterior-posterior axis

b)

Ventral Neural fate along the anterior-posterior axis

c)

Motor neuron differentiation

d)

Neural crest migration

4.

Which signaling pathways is necessary for neural induction in vertebrates?

a)

Retinoic acid

b)

FGF

c)

Hedgehog

d)

Notch

5.

The Transformer phase of the Activator-Transformer model is associated with:

a)

Anterior patterning only

b)

Posteriorizing signals like Wnt, RA, FGF

c)

BMP antagonism

d)

Shh gradient establishment

6.

Which molecule is a Wnt inhibitor important for neural patterning?

a)

BMP4

b)

Dkk1

c)

FGF8

d)

Shh

7.

What is the main dorsalizing signal in the developing neural tube

a)

BMP

b)

Shh

c)

FGF

d)

Retinoic Acid

8.

The notochord secretes which factor to induce the ventral neural tube fate?

a)

BMP4

b)

Shh

c)

Wnt1

d)

Noggin

9.

(Select all that apply): Midbrain-hindbrain boundary (MHB) patterning involves:

a)

FGF-8

b)

Wnt-1

c)

Engrailed (En-1)

d)

BMP antagonism

e)

Sonic hedgehog

10.

Loss of Dkk-1 during development would likely result in:

a)

Loss of anterior structures

b)

Extra limb formation

c)

Overproduction of GABAergic interneurons

d)

Reversed dorsal-ventral axis

11.

Which of the following are derivatives of the neural crest? (Select all that apply)

a)

Sensory ganglia

b)

Melanocytes

c)

Adrenal medulla

d)

Roof plate

e)

Schwann cells

12.

What type of guidance cue do Ephrins typically provide to migrating neural crest cells?

a)

Chemoattraction

b)

Contact inhibition

c)

Repulsion

d)

Proliferation

13.

Neural crest cells arise from:

a)

Surface ectoderm

b)

Neural Plate border

c)

Notochord

d)

Roof plate only

14.

Which cell type acts as both a neural progenitor and a scaffold for migrating neurons?

a)

Microglia

b)

Radial Glia

c)

Oligodendrocytes

d)

Astrocytes

15.

In the mammalian cortex, neurons are generated in which order?

a)

Outside-in

b)

Inside-out

c)

Random

d)

Ventral-dorsal

16.

The MGE (Medial Ganglionic Eminence) is a source of:

a)

Glutamatergic projection neurons

b)

GABAergic interneurons

c)

Oligodendrocytes

d)

Radial glia

17.

In the Notch-Delta pathway, active Notch signaling in a cell promotes:

a)

Neuronal differentiation

b)

Maintenance of progenitor state

c)

Cell death

d)

Astrocyte formation

18.

The absence of Reelin protein in mice results in:

a)

Inverted Cortical layering

b)

Missing midbrain structures

c)

Loss of ventral horn neurons

d)

Overgrowth of the Hippocampus

19.

How many neurons are present in the adult C. elegans hermaphrodite?

a)

1000

b)

302

c)

256

d)

500

20.

Which transcription factors specify touch receptor neurons in C. elegans? (Select all that apply)

a)

Unc-86

b)

Mec-3

c)

Dkk1

d)

Engrailed

21.

In Drosophila eye movement, the R7 photoreceptor's fate is determined by activation of which receptor?

a)

Patched

b)

Sevenless

c)

Notch

d)

Frizzled

22.

The Sevenless receptor in Drosophila is activated by:

a)

Boss ligand (bride of sevenless)

b)

Wnt signaling

c)

BMP4

d)

Delta

23.

Netrins typically act as:

a)

Long-range attractants

b)

Contact repellents

c)

Myelin inhibitors

d)

ECM proteins

24.

Slit proteins function primarily as:

a)

Chemoattractant

b)

Repellents

c)

Growth-promoting factors

d)

Wnt ligands

25.

Which of the following are midline guidance cues? (Select all that apply)

a)

Netrin

b)

Slit

c)

Shh

d)

Noggin

e)

FGF8

26.

Synaptogenesis at the neuromuscular junction requires clustering of:

a)

Voltage-gated sodium channels

b)

Acetylcholine receptors

c)

NMDA receptors

d)

Myelin proteins

27.

Which signaling pathway is key for activity-dependent synaptic pruning?

a)

BMP antagonism

b)

Wnt

c)

Notch-Delta

d)

Complement pathway

28.

Programmed cell death during development is called:

a)

Necrosis

b)

Apoptosis

c)

Autophagy

d)

Exotoxicity

29.

The floor plate of the neural tube is induced by:

a)

BMP4

b)

Shh from the notochord

c)

Wnt1

d)

FGF8

30.

Which brain structure is patterned by both FGF8 and Wnt1 signals?

a)

Midbrain-Hindbrain Boundary

b)

Spinal Cord

c)

Olfactory bulb

d)

Cerebellar cortex only

31.

(Select all that apply): Retinoic acid in development...

a)

Acts as a posteriorizing signal

b)

Is a derivative of vitamin A

c)

promotes anterior neural fate

d)

Regulates Hox gene expression

32.

The "roof plate" is located on which side of the neural tube?

a)

Anterior

b)

Ventral

c)

Dorsal

d)

Posterior

33.

Which of the following is NOT a neural crest derivative?

a)

Melanocytes

b)

Adrenal medulla

c)

Cortical pyramidal neurons

d)

Schwann cells

34.

The Hox gene complex us responsible for:

a)

Dorsal-ventral axis formation

b)

Anterior-posterior patterning

c)

Synapse formation

d)

Neural induction

35.

(Select all that apply): Shh signaling is important for...

a)

Ventral Neural tube patterning

b)

Floor plate induction

c)

BMP4 production

d)

Motor neuron specification

36.

Radial migration of cortical neurons depends on:

a)

Myelin proteins

b)

Radial glial scaffolds

c)

Neural crest migration cues

d)

Schwann cell proliferation

37.

Which cell type is derived from the ventricular zone of the neural tube? (Select all that apply)

a)

Oligodendrocytes

b)

Microglia

c)

Ependymal cells

d)

Melanocytes

38.

The Reelin Signaling pathway regulates:

a)

Cortical layer positioning

b)

Neural crest proliferation

c)

Ventral horn specification

d)

BMP4 expression

39.

Which signaling molecule is critical for posterior neural tube closure?

a)

Wnt

b)

Noggin

c)

BMP

d)

Dkk1

40.

The midline glial cells in Drosophila function in:

a)

Motor neuron specification

b)

Commissural axon guidance

c)

Photoreceptor fate

d)

Synaptic pruning

41.

Which of the following are properties of Hox genes? (Select all that apply)

a)

Colinear expression

b)

Encode transcription factors

c)

Involved in dorsal neural patterning only

d)

activated by retinoic acid

42.

In the NMJ, Argin is secreted by:

a)

Presynaptic motor neuron

b)

Muscle fiber

c)

Schwann cell

d)

Radial Glia

43.

Neurogenesis in vertebrates involves: (Select all that apply)

a)

Symmetric cell division by neural stem cells and progenitors

b)

Symmetric cell division generating a neural stem cell and progenitor

c)

Asymmetric cell division generating two identical daughter cells

d)

Asymmetric cell division generating a future neuron and glial cell

44.

Formation of the laminar cortex involves: (Select all that apply)

a)

Progenitor cells that divide to become neurons

b)

Formation of layers from inside-out

c)

Migration along radial glial fibers

d)

Tangential migration of GABAergic neurons from the MGE

45.

FGF8: (Select all that apply)

a)

Misexpression induces a second barrel cortex

b)

Misexpression induces an ectopic cerebellum

c)

Is only involved in MHB development

d)

Regulates the position of mouse somatosensory barrel cortex

46.

Transformers:

a)

Have the highest concentration in the anterior embryo

b)

Dorsalize embryos

c)

Ventralize embryos

d)

Are instructive to form posterior structures

47.

Reeler mutants:

a)

Show cortical development from inside-out

b)

Fail to shoe Reelin mediated repulsion and adherence to radial glial cells

c)

Exhibit disrupted development in laminar CNS structures

d)

Exhibits no phenotypical differences from wild type mice

48.

Shh: (Select all that apply)

a)

Is a morphogen

b)

induces Pax7 expression

c)

Induces Olig2 and Nkx2 in a concentration dependent manner

d)

Influences the dorsal-ventral identity of the neural tube

49.

Neural crest cells require which factors for induction? (Select all that apply)

a)

Intermediate BMP levels

b)

Wnt signaling

c)

High Shh

d)

FGF

50.

Cerebellar development requires: (Select all that apply)

a)

Purkinje cells from deep cerebellar nuclei descending into cerebellar layers

b)

Granule cell migration past migrating Purkinje cells

c)

Shh excretion from granule cells to promote cell proliferation

d)

Granule cells from the rhombic lip descending into cerebellar layers

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