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WorksheetsAnthropology chap 2-3 review
Total questions: 64
Worksheet time: 56mins
The process of learning the
cultural rules and logic of a
society, which begins at birth. . .
Enculturation
Symbol
Cultural Relativism
Values
An object, idea, image, figure, or character that
represents something else
Symbol
Norms
Values
Culture
Comprised of a dynamic
and interrelated set of
social, economic, and
belief structures
(a)
A “ (a) ” derives
from past collective
experiences in a community,
as well as lots of people
talking about, thinking
about, and acting in
response to a common set of
goals and problems.
Interpreting another culture using their goals,
values, and beliefs rather than one’s own
• Does not mean necessarily accepting and
defending all the things people do
(a)
If culture is emergent and dynamic, why
does it feel so stable?
Societies function most smoothly when
cultural processes feel natural and stable
– People need cultural stability
Because culture is stable and does not change
Enculturation occurs constantly
Our experience of culture is repeatedly
stabilized by symbols, values, norms, and
traditions
is something that
conventionally, and arbitrarily,
stands for something else.
(a)
What is true about symbols?
Symbols are not typically stable
Symbols are particularly stable
Symbols are easily
remembered
Symbols preserve a culture’s
conventional meanings
Are symbolic expressions of intrinsically
desirable principles or qualities. . .
(a)
Which of the following are true about values?
Are symbolic expressions of intrinsically
desirable principles or qualities
Tend to conserve a society’s dominant
ideas about morality and social issues
Can change . . . but more slowly than
other aspects of culture
Change frequently
Typical patterns of behavior, the unwritten
rules of everyday life. . .
(a)
Which of the following is true about norms?
Typical patterns of behavior, the unwritten
rules of everyday life
Remain stable because people learn them
from an early age and because society
encourages conformity
Are usually unnoticed by people until they’re
violated
Known and talked about aspects of culture
Are the most enduring and
ritualized aspects of a
culture. . . usually assumed to be
timeless
(a)
Which of the following is true about traditions?
Are the most enduring and ritualized aspects of a culture
Are usually assumed to be timeless (or, at least, very old)
Challenging
traditions is difficult, even if
they justify actions that make no sense in modern times
New and modern aspects of culture
Culture feels stable because it is expressed and
reinforced by social institutions. . .
True
False
The organized sets of social relationships that link
individuals to each other in a structured way in a
particular society. . .
(a)
Which of the following are examples of social institutions?
Patterns of kinship and marriage
Economic activities
Religious institutions
Political forms
Cultural practices and beliefs perform
functions for societies:
– Explaining how the world works, organizing
people into efficient roles, etc. . .
(a)
Which of the following are true about the definition of functionalism?
Cultural practices and beliefs perform
functions for societies:
– Explaining how the world works, organizing people into efficient roles, etc.
Social institutions function together to keep society functioning smoothly and minimize social change.
Critics of functionalism argued that it was too
associated with the natural sciences and viewed
culture as too stable and smoothly functioning
Elements of functionalism are still used by
modern cultural anthropologists, especially its
(a) perspective:
hint:whole
Aims to identify and understand the whole—that is, the
systematic connections between individual cultural beliefs
and practices—rather than the individual parts. . .
(a)
Nobody can own “the collective
processes that make the
artificial seem natural”
True
False
Unilateral decision of one social
group to take control over the
symbols, practices, or objects of
another. . .
(a)
The adaptive
changes in populations of
organisms across
generations. . .
(a)
Sleeping is a biocultural
phenomenon
True
False
Our contemporary separation of
sleeping babies from parents
seems to diverge from that
evolution. . .
True
False
Which of the following is true about evolution?
Evolution is the same as simple change
Evolution is both a body of factual evidence and a
theory
Change over time is intimately tied to variation in
the present
Variations in physical traits are closely related to a life form’s survival
Changes that come about through adaptation are key
all life
hierarchically ordered:
(a)
Things don’t
change from their essential
form. . .
(a)
“descent with
modification via natural selection” which of the following goes with this theory?
Variation the result of interaction between
organisms and their environment
Variations do not arise from a desire to
change but are found in the pre-existing
traits of individuals within a population
Offered a coherent theoretical framework
with explanatory power, one that was
open to empirical testing
A theory that was not open to empirical testing
For Darwin, the mechanism of adaptation was ______ _______
(a)
Evolution is ____-_________: not progressive, linear,
or necessarily leading toward improvement
(a)
Adaptation and Relational Change: What applies?
Traits that enable successful adaptations are
inherited (passed on across generations)
Evolutionary changes always happen in relationship with other factors, primarily environmental conditions and what other life forms are up to
Evolution is directional: not progressive, linear,
or necessarily leading toward improvement
For Darwin, the mechanism of adaptation was
natural selection
Describes relationships
between descendants and
ancestors.
Constructed using
morphological, molecular, and
fossil data.
(a)
Scientists look for three
features: (phylogenies)
Ancestral characteristics
Derived characteristics
Shared derived characteristics
Size
Evolution helps anthropologists:
Understand our origins as a species
Identify the evolutionary changes that make our species
distinctive
Specify traits we share with other creatures with whom
we have common ancestry
Make sense of biological and cultural variations
between human populations
View of evolution that accepts
the existence of four genetically-based processes
of evolution. . .
(a)
View of evolution that accepts
the existence of four genetically-based processes
of evolution. . .These four processes form the basis for a single unified
theory of evolution during the second half of the 20th
century. Which of the following are one of those 4?
Mutation
Natural selection
Gene flow
Genetic
drift
Disease
Key feature of the modern synthesis: evolution
can only be measured across generations and
within a population. . .
True
False
A segment of DNA that contains the code for a protein, basic unit of information for living things, the primary means by which individuals pass on biological information to offspring. . .
(a)
Variation in (a) is at the heart of biological
variation in organisms and acts as the basic
source for biological change
Spiral-shaped molecule strands that contain the biological info for a cell, is inherited from our
parents, and a significant part of what it does is related to its physical and chemical structure. . .
(a)
Variation arises with change at the
DNA level. . .
(a)
Over time, more successful
genetic variants will become more common in
the population. . .
(a)
Movement of DNA through
migration and mate selection. . .
(a)
Change in genetic variation
across generations due to random factors. . .
(a)
1.Newer view that accepts the existence of genetically-based and non-genetically based processes of evolution
2.Developmental bias: physical development can influence the generation of variation
3.Plasticity: the environment directly shapes organisms’ physical traits
4.Niche construction: organisms directly modify their environments
5.Extra-genetic inheritance: organisms transmit more than genes across generations
(a)
Physical development can
influence the generation of variation
(a)
the environment directly shapes organisms’
physical traits. . .
(a)
Organisms directly modify their
environments
(a)
Organisms transmit more
than genes across generations. . .
(a)
Developmental processes
organisms undergo tend to generate certain
forms more readily than others. . .
(a)
Organisms adapt to their environments and become multiple species. Adaptation may happen over varying periods of time, sometimes within the life of an organism (plasticity).
(a)
When organisms play an active role in their evolution by reshaping the environment to suit their own needs.
– Humans are masters at this
– We modify our environments through agriculture,
technology, and other means in ways that have
shaped our own evolution
(a)
The socially-transmitted and epigenetic factors that can aid in the adaptive success of organisms. . .
(a)
Environmental factors create chemical changes in how DNA expresses itself (though not its underlying sequence). . .
(a)
How Do Biocultural Patterns Affect
Evolution?
Biocultural perspective
recognizes genetic and non-genetic patterns of evolution
Rooted in a constructivist
approach-
A core dynamic of human
biology and culture is the
construction of meanings,
social relationships, ecological
niches, and developing bodies
Biological aspects of bodies that work with genes and their protein products. . .
(a)
Patterned behaviors young learn through teaching and imitation. . .
(a)
Linguistic system through which humans store and communicate their knowledge and conventional understandings using symbols. . .
(a)
Rejects the idea that there is a gene
“for” anything. Argues that bodily development comes
from the growth and interaction of several
distinct systems:
– Genes and cells, muscles and bone, and the
brain and nervous system
(a)
Each disease outbreak that kills populations
means the growth of a set of genetic complexes. . .
True
False
Evolutionary pressures of diseases affect
different populations differently because of
differential access to healthcare (e.g. HIV). . .
True
False
Cultural practices have the capacity to alter human morphology. . .
True
False
