WorksheetsDLE1224 1-6
Total questions: 136
Worksheet time: 2hrs 35mins
According to Sutherland and Cressey, what is criminology primarily concerned with?
Criminal law
Crime as a social phenomenon
Enforcement of laws
Punishment of criminals
Which of the following is NOT a component in defning crime?
Law
Enforcement
Violation
Rehabilitation
Match the following differing terms
Violate criminal law
Crime
Bad behaviour
Deviant
Young people violate law
Delinquency
Match the following social relativity components in the case of online scams
gain money
Initiator
investigate fraud
Observer
lose money
Victim
Who introduced the term 'criminology'?
Cesare Lombroso
Paul Topinard
Edwin Sutherland
Sigmund Freud
Who is the father of criminology?
Cesare Lombroso
Paul Topinard
Edwin Sutherland
Sigmund Freud
What was Paul Topinard's main view about the study of crime?
Focused on physical traits
Emphasized scientific and rational study
Classified criminological theories
Focused on psychological analysis
Match the following criminological theories classification
Criminal etiology
Penology
Law sociology
Drug abuse threatens productivity
Peer pressure leads to drug addiction
Fine up to RM5000 and 2 years imprisonment
The consensus perspective on criminality states that laws are...
created through negotiation among interest groups.
what society thinks is right and wrong.
passed by legislature and what the court interprets
always based on scientific evidence.
The pluralist perspective on criminality states that laws are...
created through negotiation among interest groups.
what society thinks is right and wrong.
passed by legislature and what the court interprets
always based on scientific evidence.
Match the following jobs in criminology
Study crime trends and behaviour
Criminologist
Examine criminal evidence
Criminalist
Police officers
Criminal justice professionals
What is the definition of victimology as introduced by Benjamin Mendelsohn?
The study of crime prevention
The scientific study of victims
The analysis of criminal behavior
The examination of legal systems
Match the following victim typology
Abducted child
Innocent
Stolen phone after leaving it in restaurant
Minor guilt
Drug overdose
Guilty as offender
Match the following victim typology
Bully getting punched
More guilty than offender
A person gets killed after shooting at people
Most Guilty
Lied about robbery to claim insurance
Imaginary
Which of the following best explains why a person becomes a victim of crime?
Criminal Law Theory
Victimisation Theory
Social Disorganisation Theory
Conflict Theory
Which is not an element of Cohen and Felson's (1979) Routine Activities Theory?
Offender
Environment
Target
Lack guardianship
Match the following routine activities theory
Harun brought a crowbar to steal money
motivated offender
Harun can easily break into Minah's house
suitable target
There are no locks in the house
lack guardianship
According to Lifestyle Theory, which is NOT true?
Women are more victimised than men
Higher risk for people going out at night
Deviant lifestyle includes being friends with criminals
Women are often obligated as caretakers
Which scenario best illustrates differential exposure to crime?
retiree gardening in a rural area.
married woman staying at home caring for children.
youth male frequenting bars at night.
man working in a secured office during the day.
Which demographic group is at the highest statistical risk of victimization?
Young single females
Retired men
Male youths
Married women
Social roles are a set of...
societal standards
behaviors in a social situation.
beliefs on how others should behave.
behavioural rules
Principle of homogamy in criminality is...
Males are biologically more likely to commit crimes
Deviant lifestyles are exposed to become offenders and victims of crime
Frequenting with criminal demographic can lead to victimisation
Crime occur often at night in urban areas
Which is NOT the key component of Lifestyle Theory?
Body weight
Social Roles
Deviant Lifestyle
Demography
Which is NOT the 9 types of crime listed in the International Crime Victims Survey (ICVS)?
Car Theft
Motorcycle Theft
Household Burglary
Traffic offence
Which type of crime International Crime Victims Survey (ICVS) does 'pickpocket' categorize as?
Personal property theft
From car theft
Assault
Robbery
Match the following ICVS
In 2022, Proton Wira is the most stolen vehicle
Car theft
Smash-and-grab at traffic lights
Theft from car
2 minutes to tamper and steal
Motorcycle Theft
Match the following ICVS
Snatch theft
Personal property theft
Points a knife to steal bag
Robbery
Threaten to punch
Assault
Which is NOT a type of recurring victimization?
Recurrence
Polyvictimization
Revictimization
Initial victimization
Match the following impact of recurring victimisation
Assaulted then next day, robbed
recurring
Bullied at school and return home to abusive parents
polyvictimisation
Abused by parents and marry abusive partner
revictimisation
Robbed and next day robbed
repeat
robbed and neighbor also robbed
near-repeat
Which of the following is NOT considered part of the economic cost of victimisation?
Medical care
Property loss
Inability to work
Increased self-esteem
The largest cost of victimisation is:
Economic cost
Reduced quality of life
Physical injury
Mental illness
The term vicarious victimisation refers to...
Cost of court proceedings
Effects on those close to the victim
Loss of income due to injury
Repeat victimisation of the same person
If a victim changes their daily routine and behaviour to avoid danger after a crime, this is an example of:
Quality of life loss
Productivity loss
System cost
Economic cost
What is the most common mental health cost of a victimization?
Depression
Anxiety
Self-esteem
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Which is true about compensation for victims under the Penal Code?
If offender cannot pay, the court will give compensation
The court shall consider the nature of the injury
Victims are always compensated regardless of circumstances
The court considers income of offender
Under the Child Act 2001, what condition allows a Protector to take a child into temporary custody?
Child committed crime
Child needs protection
Child's parents request
Child runs away
Malaysia does not have which of the following victim support mechanisms?
Victim Compensation Fund
Legal Aid
Restitution
Child protection
Which of the following is NOT a principle of classical and neoclassical criminology?
Humans are rational
Society provides benefits opposing to isolation
Crime increases society bonds
Individual rights cannot be restricted by government
Punishment in Classical Criminology is primarily intended to:
Eliminate offenders from society
Deter crime and set an example
Exact revenge
Reform the offender
In ancient and medieval times, crime was often explained by:
Social contract and deterrence
Scientific study of human behavior
Mythology, spiritual shortcomings, and supernatural causes
Rational choice and free will
Classical criminology (1738) emphasized which of the following principles?
Rehabilitation through therapy
Free will and rational decision-making
Behavior determined by biology and environment
Crime caused by demonic possession
Neo-classical criminology emphasized on the principles of EXCEPT...
Scientific positivism
Strict punishment policies
Criminal behavior is influenced by external forces
Punishment as retribution
Positivism in criminology relies on:
Free will and choice
Spiritual beliefs and myths
Scientific methods to study criminal behavior
Social contract theory
According to neo-classical criminology, the main purpose of punishment is:
Incapacitation
Rehabilitation
Deterrence
Revenge
The idea that criminal behavior is shaped by forces beyond individual control (such as peer influence or environment) is called:
Positivism
Hard determinism
Free will
Rational choice
These are Cesare Beccaria's classical criminological views EXCEPT...
Punishment should serve as a deterrent.
Criminals cannot control their behaviour.
Crime is a choice because of the benefit.
Criminals considers the risk of getting caught.
Classical criminology believes that criminals:
Are driven purely by biological instincts
Control their actions and choose to commit crimes
Act under supernatural influence
Have no control over their behavior
The classical view of punishment as effective deterrence is when it is...
Based on revenge
Harsh and secretive
Prompt and public
Delayed and private
The social contract theory states that laws exist because:
Religion dictates morality
Government imposes control without consent
People unite to form society with rules
Criminals are inherently evil
Who is known as the father of classical criminology?
Cesare Lombroso
Cesare Beccaria
Jeremy Bentham
Edwin Sutherland
Why might it be beneficial to locate a prison near a city?
As an example to others
Access to rehabilitation facilities
Makes escape harder
Reduce cost
Which is NOT a reason that punishments should be prompt?
Strengthen connection of criminal consequences
Offender takes time to reflect and feel guilty
Reduce opportunities for offender to escape justice.
Ensure punishment is for deterrance
Punishment should be proportionate to...
wealth of the victim
number of witnesses
injury caused by the crime
criminal’s social status
Which form of punishment was condemned as unjust because it forced weak suspects to incriminate themselves?
Death penalty
Public shaming
Torture
Imprisonment
Which is NOT recommendations made by Jeremy Bentham for effective crime prevention and control.
Wrist tattoos of names
Centralized police force
Elimination of criminal opportunity
circular prison design called Panopticon House
Utilitarianism is based on the principle of...
Protection of government authority
Punishment for revenge
Benefit for the majority
Justice for the victim
According to Hedonistic Calculus, punishment must:
Focus on rehabilitation only
Be delayed to ensure fairness
Outweigh the pleasure gained from crime
Equal the suffering of the victim
Jeremy Bentham views these as effective punishment EXCEPT...
Given immediately after judgment
Offenders cannot avoid
Swift and certain
Extremely harsh to create fear
Penapticon House was designed for...
Efficient surveillance
Deter crime
Identification
Centralisation
Robert Martinson (1970)'s “Nothing works!” states that most offenders...
Became successful workers after prison
Did not return to crime after release
Were deterred by harsher punishments
Resumed their criminal careers after release
Which of the following did James Q. Wilson reject as a solution to crime?
Retribution as punishment
Elimination of criminal opportunity
Lengthy incarceration
Social programs to reduce poverty
Which statement best reflects the Retribution view in criminal justice?
Short sentences are more effective
Offenders deserve punishment not cure them
Prisons should focus on providing social programs
Crime results mainly from poverty and social conditions
According to James Q. Wilson, crime is primarily caused by:
Ineffective policing
Free will and individual choice
Psychological illness
Poverty and social conditions
The Justice Model advocated by Wilson emphasized that...
Social welfare programs reduce crime
Community service is the best solution
Criminals deserve punishment, not treatment
Prisons should rehabilitate criminals
Rational Choice Theory suggests people commit crimes when they...
are influenced by peer pressure
outweigh benefits against costs of crime
are the result of poverty
lack free will
According to Rational Choice Theory, what factor is most likely to decrease crime?
Increasing the benefits of crime
Limiting opportunities for crime
Reducing the costs of crime
Making laws less strict
Factors of Jack Katz's seductions of crime is NOT due to...
Justifying being morally superior
Adrenaline rush from shoplifting
Social problems such as poverty
Getting respect
Match the following Jack Katz's seductions of crime
rush of getting away e.g. shoplifting
sneaky thrills
moral superiority e.g. kill cheating partner
righteous slaughter
feeling powerful e.g. commanding to get money
stick-up
gain respect e.g. gang members
badass
Situational crime-control focuses on:
Genetic influences on criminal behavior
Poverty as the root cause of crime
The context of crime in specific settings
The psychology of offenders
According to situational crime-control policy, family disputes are most likely to occur:
In public parks
Within the home
At workplaces
In shopping malls
Which of the following is an example of opportunity structure in situational crime-control?
A prisoner relapses after rehabilitation
A teenager joins a gang to gain respect
Shoplifting occurs mostly in stores rather than residences
A person commits robbery due to poverty
These are ideas of "Just Desserts Model" in criminal justice EXCEPT
Offenders should be rehabilitated
Old Testament’s “eye for an eye”
Offenders deserve punishment proportional to their crime
“He got what was coming to him”
What does the term 'recidivism' refer to in the context of crime?
The process of convicting offenders
The rate of reported crimes
Committing crimes again after being released from prison
The punishment given to offenders
What does the term crime funnel mean?
A type of financial fraud
Crimes that involve multiple offenders
Filtered offenders in the justice system
Increase in crime due to poverty
Reorder the following crime funnel elements
Report
Arrest
Conviction
Imprisonment
According to the Emir Research Report (2023), which factors DOES NOT contribute to Malaysia's crime reduction?
Improved law enforcement
Increased executions
Reducing socioeconomic burden
More social programs
Which of the following best describes the main difference modern biosocial theories of criminal behavior compared to early ones?
Examine environmental factors
Focus on genetics
Role of the brain in behavior
Belief in free will
Which of the following is NOT a component of the Positivist School?
Physical Features
Italian School
Social Contract Theory
XYY Supermale
The Positivist School believes criminal behavior is mainly influenced by...
External factors beyond individual control
Free will
Religious beliefs
Political systems
Which principle states that behavior is determined by forces outside an individual’s control?
Utilitarianism
Retribution
Social Determinism
Rational Choice
The Positivist School emphasized the use of:
Random punishment
Scientific techniques
Mythology and religion
Intuition and morality
According to Franz Joseph Gall’s phrenology:
Skull shape reflects personality
Brain size has no relation to mental traits.
Personality traits are inherited
Criminal tendencies are caused by social environment.
Cesare Lombroso's theory of atavism states criminals are...
less evolved due to primitive physical traits
influenced by environmental factors only
a result of poor upbringing
born with a natural sense of morality
Which of the following statements is NOT true about somatotyping theory are correct?
It connects body build to personality.
It has been disproven as a valid theory.
It identifies four main body types.
It is widely accepted in modern criminology.
Which statement DOES NOT reflect the hereditary theory of crime?
Sterilisation of the “feebleminded”
“generations of crime”
Criminal tendencies are inherited through “bad genes”
Crime is entirely caused by poor social environment.
The XYY “supermale” theory in criminology suggested that:
XYY males are immune to psychological disorders.
Criminal behavior is entirely caused by social factors.
All males with normal XY chromosomes are violent.
Men with an extra Y chromosome are genetically predisposed to violent behavior.
According to twin studies, what is a significant finding regarding the nature and nurture debate in criminality?
Identical twins show higher criminality even when raised apart.
Fraternal twins always have similar criminal tendencies.
Home environment outweighs genetic predispositions.
Antisocial behavior cannot be detected in childhood.
According to Konrad Lorenz, aggression considered instinctive for survival because it is....
learned from society
evolutionary inherited
a result of education
a modern phenomenon
According to Edward Wilson’s New Synthesis, which of the following best explains ...
Unselfish behavior that enhances group survival
altruism
Protecting personal property and territory at all costs
territoriality
Forming gangs for criminal purposes
tribalism
Which of the following is NOT genetic factors are linked to aggression?
MAO-A 'warrior gene' mutation
Dopamine-related variations
Gene–environment (GxE) model
Free will
Which of the following is NOT possible effects of prolonged stress on the brain, as described in the dysfunctional brain hypothesis?
Improved memory
Altered brain function
Increased impulsivity
Reduced empathy
Which of the following ingested substances is NOT associated with aggression?
Low blood sugar
Excess sugar consumption
Good diet
Nutritional deficiencies
Which of the following are NOT causes of pollution-induced brain damage?
Lead
Manganese
Tobacco
Oxygen
Which statement best describes the gut-brain connection?
Only diet, not gut bacteria, affects mood and cognition.
The gut has no effect on human behavior.
Gut bacteria can influence brain function, emotions, and behavior.
The brain controls emotions independently of the gut.
Which is NOT true about low resting heart rate?
prevalent among females
cause to seek stimulation
fearing punishment
leads to engaging in healthy behaviour
What does low skin conductivity, as measured by galvanic skin response (GSR), indicate?
Low arousal
High arousal
High blood pressure
Low heart rate
A higher index-to-ring finger length ratio is linked to which of the following?
Higher testosterone
Lower androgen
Higher estrogen
Lower aggression
Match the following hormone
Aggression
Testosterone
Growth
Thyroid
Mood regulation
Serotonin
Social bonding
Oxytocin
Which of the following is NOT principles of psychological criminology?
Personality as the main motivator of behavior
Normality defined by social consensus
Purposeful behavior serves individual needs
Societal structure as the unit of analysis
Which of the following is NOT an example of psychopathology?
Depression
ADHD
Bulimia
Gastric
Psychopathology refers to:
iological brain defect
Criminal behavior
Distressing psychological disorder
Abnormal behavior
The disease model of mental illness suggests that:
Mental illness cannot be treated
Criminal behavior is always caused by biology
Mental problems are like medical illnesses
Emotional problems are temporary
Which of the following are NOT characteristics of Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) according to DSM-5?
Failure to conform to social norms
Consistent irresponsibility
High agreeableness
Lack of remorse
Match the following trait theory
imaginative and curiosity
Openness
lack self control
Conscientiousness
sociability and involved in gangs
Extraversion
antisocial personality traits
Agreeableness
Impulsive
Neuroticism
Which Big Five trait is most strongly linked with criminality?
Neuroticism
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Which cognitive theory explains how people make moral decisions and interpret their social environment?
Moral Development Theory
Trait Theory
Antisocial Personality Disorder Theory
Disease Model
Match the following Moral Development Theory
Learning through senses: attacking someone because frustrated
Sensory-motor (0–2 yrs)
Limited reasoning: stealing without considering other's rights
Preoperational (2–7 yrs)
Logical: Steals when there's no guards to not get caught
Concrete operational (7–11 yrs)
Abstract reasoning: immediate gain from stealing
Formal operational (12+ yrs)
According to Cognitive Information-Processing Theory (CIP), what are NOT the three steps involved in criminal decision-making?
Encoding information
Selecting a response
Observing and imitating
Acting on it
According to Schank and Abelson (1970), “scripts” are best defined as:
Random actions without logical order
Sequences of actions to guide behavior
Unconscious motives behind criminal acts
Detailed laws that regulate criminal behavior
Which of the following are NOT characteristics of the criminal mindset as described by Yochelson and Samenow (1976)?
Anger
Excitement-seeking
Lack of empathy
High moral restraint
According to psychoanalytic theory, which is NOT a reason criminal behavior may arise?
Mental illness
Maladaptive behavior
Personality inadequacies
Excessive intelligence
The primary treatment method in psychoanalytic criminology is:
Punishment
Psychotherapy
Behavioral conditioning
Medication
Match the following Freud's Personality Component of criminality
want luxury lifestyle
Id (pleasure seeking)
plan for robbery
Ego (planning)
no guilt when stealing
Superego (moral guide)
Psychosis is best defined as:
Temporary stress reaction
Mild sadness disorder
Loses touch with reality
Lack empathy
Which of the following is an example of a psychotic disorder?
Borderline Personality Disorder
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Schizophrenia
ADHD
According to Gynn Nettler, one key characteristic of psychosis is:
Strong impulse control
Overly developed superego
Distorted reality
High levels of conscientiousness
Match the following psychotic offender traits
Kill a person who is possessed by demon
distorted reality
laughing hysterically during killings
Inappropriate Moods
Violent outbursts while living in poverty
Difficulty Functioning Socially
According to Dollard’s Frustration-Aggression Theory, what is displacement?
Observing aggression in others
Directing aggression toward suitable target
Directing aggression at the true source
Expressing aggression through sports
According to Dollard’s Frustration-Aggression Theory, which parenting style leads to less violent children?
Restrictive but loving
Inconsistent
Permissive
Authoritarian
Which of the following best describes the difference between alloplastic adaptation in Halleck’s theory
changing the environment
changing internal beliefs or values
align with society’s rules
suppresses unconscious conflicts
According to Andrews & Bonta’s (1998) criminogenic needs, which factors are NOT linked to recidivism?
Antisocial attitudes, values, and beliefs
High levels of social achievement
Substance abuse
Lack of prosocial pursuits
According to attachment theory, insecure childhood environments increase the likelihood of:
High self-esteem
Strong social bonds
Violence and criminality
Academic success
Which principle of classical conditioning is most relevant to explaining how environmental cues can trigger criminal behavior?
Reinforcement
Association
Punishment
Extinction
Which of the following is an example of negative punishment in behavioural conditioning?
Giving a toy for good behavior
Skipping chores as a reward
Spanking for misbehavior
Taking away candy for misbehavior
In Tarde’s Law of Imitation, the idea that “the poor copy the rich” is called:
Associative imitation
Vertical imitation
Top-down imitation
Horizontal imitation
Which of the following best describes the principle of 'Statistical Probability' in sociological criminology?
study of individual behavior.
likelihood of certain crimes based on group characteristics.
legal definitions of crime.
ignores group dynamics in society.
Which of the following best describes the 'conflict' explanation for crime according to sociological theories?
Interaction among social groups
Institutional arrangements within society
Due to social class struggle
How we live
Match the following
Higher crime in cities with busy families
Social Disorganisation Theory
Poor people steal to achieve financial success
Strain Theory
Child marriage common in Kelantan rather than KL
Culture Conflict Theory
Which of the following are NOT components of environmental criminology under social disorganisation?
PPR is crime hot spot
Zone in Transition
Unmaintained flats
Broken windows theory
CCTV
Defensible space
Well-lit car parks
CPTED
Match the following
Stealing during covid-19
economic
Snatch theft at low-cost flast next to luxury condos
relative deprivation
Join gangs due to family conflict
general strain theory
Match the following
Mat Rempit reject mainstream middle-class values
subcultural theory
low-income youths reject academic achievement
reaction formation
“Gang 36” gain status through fights
violent subculture
Justifying stealing to sruvive
techniques of neutralisation
Drug traffick to attain wealth because no higher education
differential oppoertunity theory
Which of the following theories under social process explains crime as learned through interaction?
Containment theory
Social learning theory
General theory of crime
Labelling theory
Match the following
Mat Rempit influenced by peers
social learning theory
No CCTV at parking leads to bike stolen
containment theory
Lack parental attachment leads to gangsterism
social bond theory
Match the following
snatch theft for quick money
general theory of crime
Migrant stealing to gain autonomy
control balance theory
recidivism among drug addicts
labelling theory
In social conflict, the concept of 'law as a tool of power' describes law as...
ensuring equality for all groups.
serving the interests of the powerful groups.
always neutral and unbiased.
designed to prevent any form of conflict.
Match the following criminological theories
Snatch theft for quick rewards outweigh risk of getting caught
Classical
Drug addicts have impulse-control disorder
Biological
Murdered a friend because he was possessed
Psychological
Gangsterism from lack of family bonds
Sociological
