The total number of people divided by the total land area

A complete enumeration of a population

optimists who question limits-to-growth perspectives and contend that markets effectively maintain a balance between population, resources, and the environment

The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

Percentage of the total population, or the population of each sex, at each age level.

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture

November, 1943 - A meeting of Allied leaders Roosevelt, Churchill, and Chiang Kai-Shek in Egypt to define the Allies goals with respect to the war against Japan, they announced their intention to seek Japan's unconditional surrender and to strip Japan of all territory it had gained since WW I.

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

the number of deaths of children under age 5 per 1,000 live births

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

NIR = CBR - CDR

The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population.

The scientific study of population characteristics.

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.

curve showing exponential growth

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. It's the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.

British economist of late 1700's. considered the first to predict a population crisis

Pro-, encourages child-bearing. Anti/Con-, wants limited # of children per couple

the percentage of growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate

a belief that the world is characterized by scarcity and competition in which too many people fight for few resources. Pessimists who warn of the global ecopolitical dangers of uncontrolled population growth

The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.

The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.

When populations cluster around cities and have suburbs and cities and such

The total fertility rate at which women would have only enough children to replace themselves and their partner

a curve that depicts logistic growth; shape of an "S." The leveling off of a J-Curve exponential growth.

The number of males per 100 females in the population

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.

The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

Intentionally preventing pregnancy from occurring

the space within which daily activity occurs

Large scale emigration/immigration by talented people

a movement of people that is voluntary in nature and functions to reunite families and cultures

Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis.

A dispersion of people from their homeland

migration from a location/migration to a new location

Moving or migration to a place in which you have no choice. Moving to a place for an opportunity but you are not forced.

a foreign laborer living and working temporarily in another country

permanent movement within a particular country/ permanent movement from one country to another

The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away.

Change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition.

the constant flow of migrants from one country into another country

Only people exhibiting certain characteristics in a population choosing to migrate

All types of movement from one location to another.

the difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants

motion that recurs over and over and the period of time required for each recurrence remains the same

Conditions that draw people to another location or cause people to leave their homelands and migrate to another region

The majority of migrants go only a short distance.

Migration proceeds step by step. There is a process of absorption, whereby people immediately surrounding a rapidly growing town move into it and the gaps they leave are filled by migrants from more distant areas, and so on until the attractive force is spent.

Migrants going long distances generally go by preference to one of the great centres of commerce or industry.

Each current of migration produces a compensating counter-current.

Natives of towns are less migratory than those of rural areas.

Females are more migratory than males within the kingdom of their birth, but males more frequently venture beyond.

Most migrants are adults: families rarely migrate out of their country of birth.

Large towns grow more by migration than by natural increase.

Migration increases in volume as industries and commerce develop and transport improves.

The major direction of migration is from the agricultural areas to the centres of industry and commerce.

The major causes of migration are economic.

A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster

transfer of money by workers to people in the country from which they emigrated

Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city

recruited for work but for only a fixed period of time by contract

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements/suburbs/rural areas.

the spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process. There are three types of expansion diffusion: contagious, stimulus, and hierarchical.

The spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one area to another. The most commonly spoken languages in North and South America are Spanish, English, French, and Portuguese, because several hundred years ago, Europeans who spoke those languages comprised the largest number of migrants. So, these languages spread through relocation diffusion.

the science of map making

The rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population. An example would be new music or an idea. New music or an idea goes viral because web surfers throughout the world have access to the same material simultaneously.

geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships

the body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group's distinct tradition.

the frequency with which something exists over a given unit of area.

the process of spread of a feature of trend from one place to another over time.

the process of spread of a feature of trend from one place to another over time.

the diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin

the arrangement of something across Earth's surface

an approach to the study of geography which argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences.

Also Called, Uniform region.An area within which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics. Montana is an example of a formal region, characterized with equal intensity throughout the state by a government that passes laws, collects taxes, and issues license plates

based on the notion that distance usually requires some amount of effort (energy) and/or money to overcome.

Can also be called a nodal region.An area organized around a node or focal point.

An example of a functional region is the reception area of a TV station. A TV station's signal is strongest at the center of its service area.

a computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data.

a system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers

a model in urban geography derived from Newton's law of gravity, and used to predict the degree of interaction between two placespopulation1+population2 divided by distance squared.

The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places. An example would be Honda's worldwide operations. Honda's worldwide operations are controlled from headquarters in Tokyo, Japan. Officials in regional headquarters oversee operations in several regions and report to corporate headquarters.

A place from which an innovation originates. For example, ideas form in big cities like Chicago or New York and spread all around the world.

an arc that for the most part follows 180 degrees longitude, although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing land areas. When you cross the IDL heading east, the clock moves back one day. When you go west, the calendar moves ahead one day.

the numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator (0 degrees).

the numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe and measuring distance east and west from the equator (0 degrees).

• Shape is distorted very little• Direction is consistent• The map is rectangular• Relative size is grossly distorted toward the poles, making high-latitude places look much larger than they actually are.

a three-dimensional representation of a person or thing or of a proposed structure, typically on a smaller scale than the original.

the theory that the physical environment may set limits on human action, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.

designated as 0 degrees longitude. passes through Greenwich, England.

the system used to transfer locations from Earth's surface to a flat map.

the acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or from other long-distance methods.

• Useful for displaying information across the oceans• By allocating space to the oceans, the land areas are much smaller than on interrupted maps of the same size.

generally, the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole; specifically, the relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on Earth's surface.

the physical character of a place

the location of a place relative to another place

the reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place as a result of improved communication and transportation systems.

the technique applied to structures at the human scale, most notably in the analysis of geographic data.

The spread of an underlying principle even through a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse. For example, innovative features of Apple's iPhone and iPad have been adopted by competitors.

There are 24 in the world set at 15-degree longitude intervals in between. The Earth completes one full rotation in 24 hours at a speed of 15 degrees per hour. On November 2, 1868, the then-British colony of New Zealand officially adopted a standard time to be observed throughout the colony, and was perhaps the first country to do so. It was based on the longitude 172°30′ East of Greenwich, that is 11 hours 30 minutes ahead of GMT.

everything is connected to everything else, but near things tend to be more connected than distant ones

the name given to a portion of Earth's surface

There is________________ in the world because the peripheral regions, who once toiled in isolated farm fields to produce food for their families, now produce crops for sale in core regions or have given up farm life altogether and migrated to cities in search of jobs in factories and offices. As a result, the global economy has produced greater differences than in the past between the levels of wealth and well-being enjoyed by people in the core and in the periphery.

Also called, Perceptual region.

An area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity. As an example of a vernacular region, Americans frequently refer to the South as a place with environmental and cultural features perceived to be quite distinct from those of the rest of the United States.

the study of the physical features of the earth and its atmosphere, and of human activity as it affects and is affected by these, including the distribution of populations and resources, land use, and industries.

The study of how people make places, how we organize space and society, how we interact with each other in places and across space, and how we make sense of others and ourselves in our localtiy, region, and world.

Observing variations in geographic phenomena across space.

the cultural change of people within or surrounded by a larger area

the dying out of the old culture as it becomes replaced with the culture where a person or group of people currently reside

an object made by a human being, typically an item of cultural or historical interest.

Produced by the physical material culture, the built environment is the tangible human creation on the landscape.

The place where concentration of culture traits that characterizes a region is greatest

contact and interaction of one culture and another

The varying attitudes and ideas that culture groups have regarding how space, place, and territory are identified and used.

the study of human adaptations to social and physical environments.

Cultural attributes of an area often used to describe a place

A cluster of regions in which related culture systems prevail.

a center where cultures developed and from which ideas and traditions spread outward

a unique combination of culture traits for a particular culture group (2 or more traits)

A single element of normal practice in a culture, such as the wearing of a turban.

a portion of the earth's surface occupied by populations sharing recognizable and distinctive cultural characteristics

The frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act.

A nineteenth- and early twentieth-century approach to the study of geography that argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences. Geography was therefore the study of how the physical environment caused human activities.

Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.

the transformation of global culture by local cultures into something new

A repetitive act performed by a particular individual

tangible, physical items produced and used by members of a specific culture group and reflective of their traditions, lifestyles, and technologies

The central, enduring elements of a culture expressing its values and beliefs, including language, religion, folklore, and etc.

Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.

The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.

the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape

The institutions and links between individuals and groups that unite a culture, including family structure and political, educational and religious institutions

A restriction on behavior imposed by social custom.

the spatial expression of a popular custom in one location that will be similar to another

an area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity