The universe started about ________ years ago from an extremely small, hot, and dense point. (Fill in the blank)

Before the Big Bang, there was no space or time.

The universe expanded rapidly and created space and time itself.

During the first second after the Big Bang, which of the following formed?

What is the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)?

The universe is still expanding.

Nucleosynthesis during the Big Bang created mostly ________ and ________.

What are stars? Fill in the blank: Stars are massive, glowing spheres of ______ held together by gravity.

Where do stars form?

What is the process called when gravity pulls gas together to form a new star? Fill in the blank: Gravity pulls the gas together, forming a ______.

What begins when the protostar heats up?

Where do most stars, including our Sun, spend most of their lives? Fill in the blank: Most stars spend most of their lives in the ______ phase.

What do stars fuse in their core during the main sequence?

Which type of star is the smallest?

Which type of star is the largest? Fill in the blank: ______/Supergiant Stars are the largest.

What happens when a star uses up its hydrogen?

What do small/medium (average) stars leave behind after shedding their outer layers? Small/medium stars leave behind a ______.

What do massive stars form after exploding as supernovas?

Which stage comes after the Red Giant stage for Sun-like stars?

The Sun is a medium-sized, yellow star, about ___% hydrogen and ___% helium.

Which part of the Sun is where nuclear fusion happens and is the hottest part (15 million °C)?

What is the function of the Radiative Zone in the Sun?

Which zone in the Sun is responsible for hot gas rising, cooling, and sinking, moving energy to the surface?

The Photosphere is the 'surface' we see on the Sun.

The Corona is hotter than the photosphere and is visible during total solar eclipses.

What causes sunspots on the Sun?

Solar flares are bursts of energy and particles from the Sun that can affect Earth's technology.

What is the Solar Wind?

What is one impact of the Sun on Earth?

Label the parts of the Sun in the diagram:

Energy can’t be created or destroyed, only ________.

The Sun produces ________—energy that travels in waves.

Which of the following is the only part of the electromagnetic spectrum that humans can see?

Arrange the following types of electromagnetic radiation from lowest to highest energy:

What is the definition of wavelength? Fill in the blank: Wavelength is the distance between _______ of a wave; shorter wavelength = more energy.

What is the definition of frequency? Fill in the blank: Frequency is the number of _______ passing a point per second; higher frequency = more energy.

Which of the following is a use of radio waves?

Which type of EM radiation is used for cooking and cell phones?

Which type of EM radiation is used for medical imaging?

Which type of EM radiation is used for cancer treatment?

Refer to the diagram. Which side of the electromagnetic spectrum has higher energy and shorter wavelength?

On the H-R Diagram, which side represents hotter stars?

Which axis on the H-R diagram represents luminosity?

Where are most stars, including the Sun, found on the H-R diagram?

Fill in the blank: The Main Sequence is a diagonal band on the H-R diagram that runs from the _______ to the _______.

Which region of the H-R diagram contains cool but bright and large stars?

The H-R diagram shows a star’s stage of life, temperature, color, and size.

Fill in the blank: Nucleosynthesis is the process of making new _______ in the universe.

Fill in the blank: Big Bang Nucleosynthesis formed hydrogen (75%) and _______ (25%) right after the Big Bang.

Fill in the blank: Inside stars, fusion creates elements up to _______.

Fill in the blank: In supernova explosions, extremely high temperatures and neutron numbers create elements heavier than iron, like _______ and uranium.

Fill in the blank: The idea that the universe began as a rapid expansion from a single, tiny, hot, dense point is called the _______.

Fill in the blank: A huge cloud of gas and dust in space where new stars are born is called a _______.

Fill in the blank: A developing star before nuclear fusion starts is called a _______.

Fill in the blank: The process by which stars create energy by fusing smaller atoms into larger atoms is called _______.

According to the diagram 'Generalized Nucleosynthesis in a Massive Star', what is the duration of the stage where Si turns into Fe?

Fill in the blank: The stable, longest phase in a star’s life where it fuses hydrogen into helium is called ________.

Fill in the blank: A late stage in a star’s life when it expands and cools after using up its hydrogen fuel is called ________.

Fill in the blank: The small, hot core left after a medium-sized star dies is called a ________.

Fill in the blank: A powerful explosion of a massive star at the end of its life is called a ________.

Fill in the blank: An extremely dense star left after a supernova, made mostly of neutrons, is called a ________.

Fill in the blank: An object with gravity so strong that not even light can escape is called a ________.

Fill in the blank: The visible surface of the Sun is called the ________.

Fill in the blank: The outermost layer of the Sun’s atmosphere, seen during a total solar eclipse, is called the ________.

Fill in the blank: A cooler, darker spot on the Sun caused by magnetic activity is called a ________.

Fill in the blank: A sudden burst of energy and particles from the Sun’s surface is called a ________.

Fill in the blank: A stream of charged particles released from the Sun’s corona is called ________.

Fill in the blank: The full range of electromagnetic radiation (radio waves to gamma rays) is called the ________.

Fill in the blank: The distance between two peaks of a wave; shorter means higher frequency, is called ________.

Fill in the blank: How often a wave passes a point in one second; higher frequency means more energy is called ________.

Fill in the blank: The faint “afterglow” light left over from the Big Bang is called ________.

Fill in the blank: The process of forming new elements from smaller particles, especially in stars and supernovas, is called ________.