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WorksheetsTerm Test 1 In Class Review (Patho)
Total questions: 66
Worksheet time: 50mins
The release of epinephrine during the stress response causes:
Vasodilation in gastrointestinal tract
hyperglycemia
A decrease in cardiac output
Bronchoconstriction
Which nursing action best supports an adaptive stress response for a patient diagnosed with sepsis?
Delay antibiotics
Administer intravenous fluids and antibiotics
Avoid supplementary oxygen administration
Restrict nutritional intake
__________ is an expected physiological response to stress.
Tachycardia
Bradycardia
Hypoglycemia
Lowered blood pressure
Which response from a patient with burns should the nurse anticipate?
Increased metabolic rate
Decreased oxygen consumption
Decreased catecholamine release
Decreased cortisol levels
A chronically stressed patient is showing signs of delayed wound healing. The cause of this is:
Elevated cortisol levels suppressing the inflammatory response
Catecholamines enhancing tissue repair
Increased lymphocyte activity
Renin Angiotensin-Aldosterone System activation increasing tissue perfusion
Which physiologic change is primarily caused by norepinephrine release?
Reduced blood clotting
Bronchodilation
Increased insulin secretion
Vasoconstriction
Which nursing action for a patient with burns is appropriate?
Protein intake restriction
Fluid restriction
Bed rest
Administration of intravenous fluids
The ________________ System is activated when someone is anxious.
Sympathetic Nervous
Renal
Musculoskeletal
Parasympathetic Nervous
Which nursing action can the nurse expect for a patient who feels anxious?
Suggest the patient call in sick for their next scheduled shift
Encouragement to drink caffeinated beverages
Recommendation to avoid all stressors
Provide education about relaxation breathing
During the resistance stage of General Adaptation Syndrome, the body attempts to:
Conserve energy by lowering cortisol
Restore homeostasis while remaining on high alert
Shut down immune surveillance
Prevent catecholamine release
Which finding indicates a maladaptive stress response for a patient diagnosed with sepsis?
↑ WBC
↑ Glucose
Mild fever
Multi-organ dysfunction
__________ is what causes stress-induced hypertension.
Increased vagal tone
Prolonged SNS activation
Low cortisol release
↑ Renal Na+ excretion
Which action best reduces surgical pain?
Delay mobilization
Analgesic administration
Pain management restriction
Emotional support
Which method is best to assess the pain described by a 4-year-old child?
Visual analog scale
Numeric 0-10 scale
Verbal descriptor scale
Wong-Baker FACES
Which statement from a patient reflects pain tolerance?
The pain medication doesn’t work as good and quickly like before.
I should stop taking my pain medication so I don’t get addicted
I’m only taking my pain medication because my doctor told me I have to
I should not take any pain medication is my pain is mild
Neuropathic pain is described as:
Dull
Pressure
Aching
Sharp, shooting, burning
__________ and __________ may indicate pain in a patient that is non-verbal.
Sleeping and dreaming peacefully
Normal vital signs only
Restlessness and grimacing
Smiling and laughing
Which nursing action best decreases perineal post-partum pain?
Ice packs
High-dose opioids
Bed rest only
None
Which protective mechanism is apart of the innate immune defenses?
Memory B cells
Mucous membranes
Antigen-specific antibodies
Lymphocytes
__________ causes redness, swelling, and warmth at the site of a puncture wound.
Passive immunity
Antibody production
Increased capillary permeability and blood flow
Memory T-cell activation
A nurse sees purulent drainage from a wound during a dressing change. What is the priority nursing action?
Encourage ambulation
Apply a warm compress
Administer prescribed antibiotics
Obtain a wound culture
Fever is a protective mechanism because it:
Produces antibodies
Enhances the function of all immune cells
Directly kills all bacteria
Encourages the growth of protective GI flora
Which nursing action is most appropriate for a patient with a temperature of 38.9 °C?
Encourage patient to drink liquids
Application of a cool cloth on the forehead to reduce fever rapidly
Administration of aspirin to pediatric patients
Administration of PRN acetaminophen that exceeds daily limit
Which statement indicates a parent’s understanding about immunity?
The vaccine prevents infection only by inflammation
The vaccine will help my child’s body make cells that remember past infections
The vaccine acts like a temporary barrier to different infections
The vaccine works like an antibiotic
________ immunity is gained after a child recovers from a varicella infection.
Passive
Inflammatory
Innate
Active acquired
Which cells are responsible for adaptive immunity?
Neutrophils
Dendritic cells
Natural killer cells
B and T cells
The (a) of wound healing takes place when fibroblasts form granulation tissue.
Maturation phase
Inflammatory phase
Hemostasis phase
Proliferative phase
The cause of delayed wound healing in a patient diagnosed with diabetes is due to:
Increased white blood cell activity
Low blood glucose
Impaired perfusion
Strong immune response
Which lab value would indicate a delay in wound healing?
Normal WBC
High hemoglobin
Low albumin
Elevated calcium
What type of diet could a nurse anticipate for a patient with delayed wound healing?
Low-carb, low-vitamin
High-fat, low-protein
High-protein, vitamin C, zinc
Sodium-restricted
Which lab value confirms the diagnosis of HIV?
High platelet count
Low WBC
Positive EIA and Western blot
Low hemoglobin
What is the name of the protein on an HIV cell that binds to a receptor on a healthy CD4+ t-cell?
GP4
GP120
PG123
GP200
Which statement from a patient indicates their understanding of HIV?
I can stop taking medications once my CD4 count improves.
I will have to take medications for the rest of my life.
I will take my medications only when sick.
HIV is cured after a few years of taking medications.
A patient with HIV has oral thrush. What is the name of microorganism that causes this condition?
Influenza virus
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Candida albicans
E. coli
Which action supports prevention of opportunistic infections?
Poor hand hygiene
Avoiding ART
Receiving vaccinations
Sharing needles
What is a common side effect of ART?
Severe bradycardia
Nausea and diarrhea
Hypothermia
Blindness
Which lab result supports the diagnosis of AIDS?
>1000 cells/mm³
200 cells/mm³
500 cells/mm³
800 cells/mm³
Most of our total body water is in which compartment?
Extracellular fluid
Intravascular space
Interstitial fluid
Intracellular fluid
Which electrolyte is most abundant inside of the cell?
Potassium
Sodium
Magnesium
Calcium
Facilitated diffusion is not the same as diffusion because it:
Requires a carrier molecule
Is restricted to water movement only
Moves molecules against the gradient
Requires ATP
The sodium-potassium pump is an example of:
Diffusion
Osmosis
Active transport
Filtration
Which factor contributes to edema formation in heart failure?
Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
Increased capillary oncotic pressure
Increased lymphatic drainage
Increased sodium excretion
Hypoalbuminemia leads to edema because of:
Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
Decreased plasma oncotic pressure
Increased interstitial hydrostatic pressure
Decreased capillary permeability
A patient with severe burns develops edema. Which mechanism best explains this?
Decreased hydrostatic pressure
Increased capillary permeability
Increased plasma proteins
Increased lymphatic drainage
Blockage of lymphatic drainage results in:
Pulmonary edema
Lymphedema
Ascites
Hypovolemia
The hormone that increases water reabsorption in the kidneys is:
Aldosterone
Antidiuretic Hormone
BNP
Renin
Which hormone promotes sodium and water retention while increasing potassium excretion in urine in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System?
Angiotensin
ATP
Aldosterone
Antidiuretic hormone
Which IV fluid is most appropriate to correct a patient’s dehydration status?
0.9% Normal saline
D5W
3% Saline
Lactated Ringers
Which ECG change is associated with hyperkalemia?
T waves
Flattened T wave
U waves
Tall peaked T waves
Which intervention is priority for a patient with hyperkalemia?
Potassium-binding medications
Calcium gluconate IV
Encourage bananas
Start loop diuretic
________ and ________ is a common symptom of a patient experiencing severe hyponatremia.
Confusion and seizures
Dry mucous membranes and dry tongue
Hypotension and dilated pupils
Tachycardia and diaphoresis
Which type of fluid is used to treat a patient with severe hyponatremia?
3% hypertonic saline
0.45% saline
D5W
Lactated Ringers
Which finding is expected for a patient diagnosed with hypokalemia?
Muscle weakness
Tall T waves
Hyperreflexia
Diarrhea
Which nursing action is best for a patient with a potassium level of 3.2?
Administer IV push potassium
Administration of oral potassium supplements
Restriction potassium-rich foods
Administer insulin
Which symptom is consistent with hypernatremia?
Dry mucous membranes
Increased urination and thirst
Confusion and lethargy
All symptoms mentioned
Which nursing action aids in treating hypernatremia?
Fluid restriction
Administration of hypotonic fluids
Encouraging salty snacks consumption
Including extra salt packets on patient meal trays
________ should be consumed on a daily basis to improve mild hypocalcemia.
Cheese
Soda
Processed meats
Candy
Which heart rhythm alteration occurs with severe hypomagnesemia?
Torsades de pointes
Tall T waves
Asystole
Bradycardia
Which food helps correct low magnesium?
Fried foods
Green leafy vegetables
Soda
Beets
Which symptom is associated with hypermagnesemia?
Hyporeflexia
Tetany
Tremors
Agitation
Which finding is expected with fluid overload?
Crackles in lungs
Weight gain
Edema
All of the above
Which is the most important plasma buffering system?
Phosphate buffer
Carbonic acid–bicarbonate system
Protein buffer
Hemoglobin buffer
Respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis involves:
Decreasing ventilation to retain CO₂
Increasing ventilation to blow off CO₂
Increasing renal excretion of H⁺
Increasing bicarbonate reabsorption
Normal arterial blood pH is:
7.25-7.35
7.30-7.40
7.35-7.45
7.40-7.55
A patient who is experiencing a drug overdose is most likely to develop:
Respiratory acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
A patient experiencing long bouts of vomiting is at risk for:
Respiratory alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
