A researcher assigns participants to either meditate daily for two weeks or not meditate at all, then measures their anxiety levels. In this study, what is the independent variable?

A team of researchers measures the number of hours people spend on social media and their levels of loneliness to see if they are related. What type of study design is this?

In a study, participants complete a “Relationship Satisfaction Scale” to measure how happy they are in their relationships. This scale represents the study’s ______.

A scientist predicts that higher exercise frequency will reduce depression symptoms. Exercise frequency is treated as the ______.

Researchers measure sleep quality and GPA to test whether better sleep predicts higher academic performance. GPA in this study is the ______.

A research team randomly assigns participants to either drink caffeinated coffee or decaf coffee, then measures their alertness. What type of study is this?

A psychologist develops a “Happiness Ladder” where participants rate their happiness from 0–10. This is an example of ______.

A researcher studies whether childhood trauma predicts adult stress levels. Childhood trauma is the ______.

In a study, researchers measure test anxiety using a self-report survey. Which type of validity concerns whether this survey actually measures anxiety?

A researcher wants to measure happiness using the “Satisfaction With Life Scale,” where participants rate agreement with statements. This is an example of a ______.

A psychologist uses an EEG cap to measure brain activity while participants solve puzzles. Which measurement type is being used?

What is NOT an example of a self-report measure?

A teacher fills out a questionnaire describing a student’s attention span for a study. This is an example of ______.

In a study on stress, researchers collect saliva samples and analyze cortisol levels. Which type of measure is this?

What is NOT a disadvantage of self-report methods?

A researcher codes how often children share toys during free play at daycare. Which measurement type is this?

A psychologist tracks participants’ heart rate during cooperative vs. competitive games. This is an example of ______.

A researcher studies cultural differences by placing a chair in a coffee shop path and recording how people respond. What type of method is this?

A scientist examines participants’ social media posts to infer personality traits. This represents which type of measurement?

A researcher codes participants’ eye colors as 1 = blue, 2 = green, 3 = brown. What scale of measurement is this?

A psychologist asks participants to rank their top 5 favorite movies from most to least enjoyable. What scale of measurement is this?

What is NOT an example of a nominal scale?

A study records the finishing positions of runners in a marathon (1st, 2nd, 3rd). What scale of measurement is being used?

A researcher records participants’ shoe sizes (e.g., 7, 8, 9). What type of scale is this?

A psychologist measures stress by counting cortisol levels in saliva (µg/dL). Which scale is this?

What is the main difference between interval and ratio scales?

Recording temperature in Celsius to study seasonal affective disorder would represent which scale?

A researcher tracks the amount of money participants donate to charity ($0, $10, $20, etc.). What scale is this?

What is NOT an example of an ordinal scale?

A student steps on a bathroom scale 10 times in a row. The scale shows the same weight each time, even if it’s not accurate. This demonstrates ______.

A researcher finds that participants’ test scores vary widely when retested under the same conditions. What does this indicate?

What is NOT an example of random error in measurement?

A test consistently produces the same results but is not measuring the intended construct. This test is ______.

A reliability coefficient of r = 0.20 indicates that ______.

A researcher evaluates reliability by plotting two measurements of the same variable against each other and looking for dots near a line. What tool is being used?

Which statement best describes the relationship between reliability and validity?

A participant takes a survey about stress. Their responses change randomly each time due to mood swings and distractions. What is reducing the measure’s reliability?

A psychologist administers a personality test twice in one week and finds r = 0.90 between the scores. How should this reliability be interpreted?

What is NOT a common source of random error in measurement?

A researcher gives participants the same intelligence test two weeks apart and finds a correlation of r = .82. What type of reliability is being assessed?

A psychologist develops a 12-item extraversion scale. Participants who score high on “I love meeting new people” also score high on “I enjoy being the center of attention.” Which type of reliability is demonstrated?

Two observers independently code videos of children’s aggressive behaviors during recess. Their ratings are highly consistent with each other. Which type of reliability does this illustrate?

A researcher administers a new mood scale twice in the same day and finds an r = .92. Why might this not be the best indicator of test-retest reliability?

On a self-esteem questionnaire, Cronbach’s alpha is calculated as .92. What does this suggest about the measure?

Two raters code whether participants smiled (yes/no) during an interview. To check consistency, the researcher calculates Cohen’s kappa. What type of reliability is being assessed?

A researcher develops a new happiness survey and asks experts if the questions appear to assess happiness. Which type of validity is being evaluated?

A narcissism questionnaire includes items on vanity, arrogance, selfishness, and hostility. This is an example of high:

The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is strongly correlated with the CES-D (r = .68). This provides evidence of:

A test of emotional intelligence shows almost no correlation with IQ scores. This illustrates:

SAT scores are used to forecast students’ university GPA. This is an example of:

A self-reported height measure is checked against measured height and shows a strong correlation. This is evidence of:

A scale asks participants, “Do you take baths or showers?” and claims to measure personality. This demonstrates:

A depression measure correctly identifies that clinically depressed patients score higher than non-depressed individuals. This is an example of using the:

A test of social skills correlates strongly with emotional intelligence but weakly with IQ. This pattern supports:

A psychology final exam includes questions only from ethics, missing other topics covered in class. This indicates:

In the “Smart Rat” study, students were told their rats were either “smart” or “dull,” which influenced how they handled the rats. This is an example of:

Participants change their behavior because they try to confirm the study’s hypothesis after picking up subtle cues. This illustrates:

Workers’ productivity increased only when researchers were present to observe them, then returned to baseline when unobserved. This is an example of:

A researcher designs a study where neither they nor the participants know which group receives the treatment. This is a method to reduce:

Students unknowingly treat rats differently because they believe in the rats’ ability levels. The results reflect:

Participants try to sabotage a study after realizing its purpose. This is an example of:

A psychologist observes children playing in a classroom and notices they behave more prosocially than usual. Which threat to construct validity might explain this?

Providing vague instructions to participants instead of revealing the full purpose of the study helps reduce:

A study is double-blind to prevent the researcher’s expectations from influencing participants. Which threat is this designed to control?

If participants behave differently simply because they know they are being measured, not because of the experimental manipulation, this primarily threatens: