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Worksheets2nd Quarter Summative Assessment in Practical Research 2
Total questions: 100
Worksheet time: 2hrs 40mins
What is the main characteristic of nonexperimental research?
Manipulation of variables
Random assignment
Observation without intervention
Use of control groups
Which of the following is a type of nonexperimental research?
Experimental
Quasi-experimental
Descriptive
Longitudinal
What does a correlational study measure?
Causation
Relationship between variables
Manipulation of variables
Random assignment
Which design involves studying the same subjects over time?
Cross-sectional
Longitudinal
Experimental
Case study
What is the primary goal of descriptive research?
Predict outcomes
Explain causality
Describe characteristics
Test hypotheses
In a correlational study, what does a correlation coefficient of -0.85 indicate?
No relationship
Strong positive relationship
Strong negative relationship
Weak negative relationship
Which type of nonexperimental design is best for studying developmental changes?
Cross-sectional
Longitudinal
Experimental
Survey
What is a major limitation of nonexperimental research?
High cost
Lack of control over variables
Ethical concerns
Time constraints
Which design compares different age groups at one point in time?
Longitudinal
Experimental
Cross-sectional
Case study
What does a case study focus on?
Large populations
Random samples
A single subject or group
Experimental manipulation
Which of the following are types of nonexperimental designs?
Experimental, Quasi-experimental, Longitudinal
Descriptive, Correlational, Longitudinal
Survey, Experimental, Cross-sectional
Case study, Randomized, Longitudinal
What distinguishes correlational from descriptive research?
Use of control groups
Measurement of relationships
Random assignment
Manipulation of variables
Which design is most vulnerable to cohort effects?
Longitudinal
Cross-sectional
Experimental
Case study
What is a key strength of longitudinal studies?
Quick data collection
Low cost
Tracking changes over time
Random sampling
Which design is best for identifying trends in a population?
Case study
Survey
Experimental
Longitudinal
What is a common method used in descriptive research?
Random assignment
Interviews
Manipulation
Control groups
Which design is least likely to establish causality?
Experimental
Quasi-experimental
Correlational
Longitudinal
How does a longitudinal design help in understanding developmental processes?
By comparing different age groups
By manipulating variables
By observing the same individuals over time
By using random sampling
Why is causality difficult to determine in nonexperimental research?
Variables are manipulated
Random assignment is used
Observations are uncontrolled
Control groups are present
What makes correlational research useful despite its limitations?
It proves causation
It identifies relationships
It uses experimental methods
It includes control groups
How can survey data be used in nonexperimental research?
To manipulate variables
To establish causality
To describe or correlate variables
To assign participants randomly
What is a potential drawback of longitudinal studies?
Inability to track changes
High dropout rates
Lack of data
No ethical concerns
Why might a researcher choose a case study design?
To generalize findings
To manipulate variables
To explore a unique case in depth
To use random sampling
What is the role of observation in descriptive research?
To manipulate variables
To assign participants
To gather data without interference
To test hypotheses
Cross-sectional and longitudinal designs can complement each other by:
providing both a snapshot and tracking changes over time
focusing only on one age group
eliminating the need for data collection
ensuring results are always consistent
26. How can research be conducted effectively?
By manipulating variables
By combining short-term and long-term data
By using control groups
By randomizing participants
If a researcher wants to study the impact of social media on adolescent self-esteem over five years, which design is most appropriate?
Cross-sectional
Experimental
Longitudinal
Case study
How might a correlational study mislead conclusions about cause and effect?
By using random sampling
By implying causality from association
By manipulating variables
By using control groups
A researcher finds a strong correlation between sleep and academic performance. What should be the next step to explore causality?
Conduct a survey
Perform a case study
Design an experiment
Use a cross-sectional design
How can nonexperimental designs inform policy decisions?
By proving causality
By describing trends and relationships
By manipulating variables
By using control groups
A school wants to understand the relationship between student attendance and grades. Which design should they use?
Experimental
Correlational
Longitudinal
Case study
What is the main purpose of a research design?
To write the research report
To manipulate variables
To specify methods and procedures
To select participants
Which variable is manipulated in experimental research?
Dependent variable
Control variable
Independent variable
Extraneous variable
What does random assignment ensure?
Equal sample size
Equal chance of group assignment
Equal treatment exposure
Equal measurement tools
Which sampling method selects every kth member?
Cluster sampling
Stratified sampling
Systematic sampling
Simple random sampling
Which design uses intact groups without randomization?
True experimental
Quasi-experimental
Pre-experimental
Factorial
What is the Hawthorne effect?
Effect of randomization
Effect of instrumentation
Behavior change due to observation
Behavior change due to treatment
Which design includes four groups with pretest and posttest combinations?
Latin square
Solomon four-group
Factorial
Cross-over
Which threat to internal validity involves dropout of subjects?
History
Mortality
Instrumentation
Testing
What is the dependent variable in experimental research?
The manipulated variable
The outcome measured
The control variable
The random variable
Which design is most powerful for establishing causality?
Pre-experimental
Quasi-experimental
True experimental
Descriptive
Which are essential characteristics of experimental research?
Manipulation, control, randomization
Observation, prediction, description
Sampling, analysis, reporting
Hypothesis, theory, conclusion
Which sampling method divides population into strata?
Cluster sampling
Stratified sampling
Systematic sampling
Simple random sampling
What are the three types of experimental designs by Campbell & Stanley?
Descriptive, exploratory, comparative
Pre-experimental, quasi-experimental, true experimental
Randomized, factorial, crossover
Latin square, block, solomon
What does a factorial design study?
One independent variable
Two or more independent variables
One dependent variable
One treatment group
Which design involves repeated measures on the same subjects?
Cross-over
Latin square
Factorial
Solomon
Which threat involves changes in measurement tools?
History
Instrumentation
Testing
Selection bias
What is the main feature of a randomized block design?
Random selection of subjects
Homogeneous blocks
No control group
No manipulation
Which design is suitable for agricultural research with two extraneous factors?
Factorial
Latin square
Cross-over
Solomon
Which design uses existing groups and measures after treatment?
One-shot case study
Static-group comparison
Time-series
Solomon four group
Which sampling method selects entire clusters?
Simple random
Stratified
Cluster
Systematic
Why is random assignment crucial in true experimental design?
It ensures equal sample sizes
It controls threats to internal validity
It simplifies data analysis
It eliminates the need for control groups
How does a pretest-posttest control group design improve validity?
By eliminating mortality
By allowing comparison of gain scores
By removing testing effects
By avoiding randomization
What distinguishes quasi-experimental from true experimental design?
Use of control group
Use of randomization
Manipulation of variables
Use of pretest
How does a factorial design help in research?
It isolates one variable
It compares multiple treatments
It controls for mortality
It eliminates testing threats
What is the role of statistical control in experimental research?
To eliminate randomization
To manipulate independent variables
To control variables not physically manageable
To assign subjects to groups
How does the Solomon four-group design address testing threats?
By using only posttests
By eliminating control groups
By combining pretest and posttest designs
By using only random samples
What is the effect of the novelty threat on external validity?
It increases generalizability
It decreases generalizability
It improves internal validity
It enhances treatment effect
How does maturation affect internal validity?
Subjects drop out
Subjects change over time
Instruments change
Researchers influence outcomes
What makes the randomized block design effective?
It uses random selection
It controls extraneous variables by grouping
It avoids manipulation
It eliminates testing threats
Why is the Latin square design used in agriculture?
It controls for one extraneous factor
It simplifies randomization
It controls for two extraneous factors
It eliminates the need for control groups
If a researcher wants to study the effect of teaching method and class size, which design is best?
Latin square
Factorial
Solomon
Cross-over
How can a researcher minimize the Hawthorne effect?
Use random sampling
Blind the subjects to observation
Increase sample size
Use pretest-posttest design
Which design would best suit a study on seasonal effects on student performance?
Time-series
Static-group
One-shot case study
Factorial
How can a researcher control for selection bias?
Use instrumentation
Use random assignment
Use pretest
Use cluster sampling
In a study comparing three antihypertensive drugs across patient types, which design is appropriate?
Latin square
Factorial
Randomized block
Cross-over
What is the best way to ensure internal validity in a hospital-based study?
Use pre-experimental design
Use randomization and control groups
Use descriptive design
Use systematic sampling
Which design allows each subject to receive all treatments in different orders?
Factorial
Cross-over
Solomon
Latin square
Which design allows each subject to receive all treatments in different orders?
Factorial
Cross-over
Solomon
Latin square
How can a researcher test the long-term effect of a treatment?
Use posttest only
Use time-series design
Use static-group comparison
Use one-shot case study
Which design is best for evaluating a new curriculum across multiple schools?
Cross-over
Factorial
Randomized block
Quasi-experimental
How can external validity be improved in experimental research?
Use random assignment
Use homogeneous samples
Use diverse settings and populations
Use pretest-posttest design
What does “mixed method research” combine?
Quantitative and qualitative approaches
Experimental and descriptive designs
Primary and secondary data
Deductive and inductive reasoning
Which paradigm is commonly associated with quantitative research?
Constructivist
Interpretivist
Positivist
Pragmatist
Which paradigm supports mixed method research?
Positivist
Constructivist
Pragmatist
Interpretivist
What is the main goal of qualitative research?
To test hypotheses
To measure variables
To explore meaning and experience
To calculate statistics
Which research design collects both numeric and narrative data?
Quantitative
Qualitative
Mixed method
Experimental
What does triangulation in mixed methods aim to achieve?
Data duplication
Research bias
Validity and credibility
Sampling error
Which type of data is typically used in quantitative research?
Images
Words
Numbers
Themes
Which type of data is typically used in qualitative research?
Percentages
Frequencies
Narratives
Scores
Which are common designs in mixed method research?
Exploratory, explanatory, convergent
Experimental, descriptive, correlational
Case study, ethnography, grounded theory
Longitudinal, cross-sectional, retrospective
What does the convergent parallel design involve?
Sequential data collection
Collecting qualitative data only
Collecting both data types simultaneously
Using only numeric data
What is the first phase in an exploratory sequential design?
Quantitative data collection
Literature review
Qualitative data collection
Hypothesis testing
What is the final phase in an explanatory sequential design?
Qualitative data collection
Quantitative analysis
Interpretation of results
Literature review
Which design starts with quantitative data and follows with qualitative data?
Convergent
Exploratory sequential
Explanatory sequential
Embedded
Which design embeds one data type within another?
Convergent
Explanatory
Exploratory
Embedded
What does integration in mixed methods refer to?
Separating data sources
Combining findings from both strands
Using only one method
Avoiding triangulation
What is a challenge in mixed method research?
Lack of data
Limited sample size
Complexity in design and analysis
Absence of variables
Why is pragmatism suitable for mixed method research?
It avoids philosophical assumptions
It focuses on practical solutions
It rejects both qualitative and quantitative data
It emphasizes statistical rigor
How does triangulation improve research quality?
By increasing sample size
By reducing cost
By validating findings through multiple sources
By simplifying analysis
How does the exploratory sequential design benefit theory development?
It tests existing theories
It generates new insights from qualitative data
It avoids interpretation
It uses only numeric data
Why is timing important in mixed method designs?
It affects sample size
It determines the order of data collection
It influences the research title
It controls for bias
How does the embedded design differ from other designs?
It uses only one data type
It integrates data at the interpretation stage
It includes one data type within another
It avoids triangulation
What is the role of integration in the interpretation phase?
To separate findings
To compare data sources
To synthesize insights from both strands
To eliminate bias
How does explanatory sequential design help clarify quantitative results?
Through statistical analysis
Through qualitative follow-up
Through random sampling
Through hypothesis testing
What makes mixed method research more comprehensive?
Use of large samples
Use of advanced statistics
Use of multiple perspectives and data types
Use of control groups
If a researcher wants to explore student experiences and then measure academic performance, which design is best?
Convergent
Exploratory sequential
Explanatory sequential
Embedded
How can a researcher ensure integration in a convergent design?
Collect data at different times
Analyze data separately
Merge findings during interpretation
Use only one method
Which design is most appropriate for evaluating a school program using surveys and interviews simultaneously?
Exploratory sequential
Explanatory sequential
Convergent parallel
Embedded
How can mixed method research address complex educational issues?
By using only quantitative data
By combining multiple data sources and perspectives
By avoiding qualitative analysis
By simplifying the research process
