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Adaptations and Natural Selection Concepts

Total questions: 67

Worksheet time: 1hrs 13mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

What is natural selection?

a)

The process by which certain traits or characteristics become more or less common in a population over time, based on their ability to survive and reproduce in a given environment.

b)

The process by which organisms intentionally change their traits to better survive in their environment.

c)

The process by which species evolve into new species.

d)

The process by which individuals adapt to their environment over time.

2.

What is adaptation?

a)

The process of ignoring new conditions or changes in the environment.

b)

The process of avoiding new conditions or changes in the environment.

c)

The process of adjusting to new conditions or changes in the environment.

d)

The process of staying the same despite changes in the environment.

3.

Which of the following best explains how adaptations are related to natural selection?

a)

Adaptations are traits or characteristics that are determined by chance. Natural selection is the process by which individuals with the most offspring survive.

b)

Adaptations are traits or characteristics that help an organism survive and reproduce in its environment. Natural selection is the process by which individuals with advantageous adaptations are more likely to survive and pass on their genes to the next generation.

c)

Adaptations are traits or characteristics that are acquired during an organism's lifetime. Natural selection is the process by which individuals with the most offspring survive.

d)

Adaptations are traits or characteristics that are only found in humans. Natural selection is the process by which individuals with the most offspring survive.

4.

How does gene flow affect population genetics?

a)

Gene flow only introduces new genetic variations in small populations.

b)

Gene flow has no effect on genetic variations in populations.

c)

Gene flow increases genetic differentiation between populations.

d)

Gene flow introduces new genetic variations and reduces genetic differentiation between populations.

5.

Define Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

a)

Genetic equilibrium in a population where allele frequencies remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences.

b)

Genetic equilibrium in a population where allele frequencies are influenced by genetic drift.

c)

Genetic equilibrium in a population where allele frequencies are determined by natural selection.

d)

Genetic equilibrium in a population where allele frequencies change from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences.

6.

What are the five conditions required for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

a)

Small population size, No migration, No mutation, Random mating, No natural selection

b)

Large population size, High migration rate, High mutation rate, Random mating, No natural selection

c)

Large population size, No migration, High mutation rate, Random mating, No natural selection

d)

Large population size, No migration, No mutation, Random mating, No natural selection

7.

What is gene flow?

a)

Mutation of genetic material in a population

b)

Movement of genes within a single population

c)

Exchange of genetic information between individuals

d)

Transfer of genetic material between populations through emigration or immigration

8.

How does gene flow impact genetic diversity in a population?

a)

Gene flow only impacts genetic diversity in small populations.

b)

Gene flow decreases genetic diversity in a population.

c)

Gene flow increases genetic diversity in a population.

d)

Gene flow has no impact on genetic diversity in a population.

9.
Mutations are important because they bring about
a)
death of the organism in which they develop
b)
genetic variation needed for a population to evolve
c)
benefits for the individual, not for the population
d)
Hardey-Weinberg equilibrium within a population
10.
Using the cladogram:  a common ancestor of amphibians and ray-finned fish would have
a)
a bony skeleton
b)
four limbs
c)
scaly skin
d)
eggs with shells
11.
The wing of a bat and a humans' arm have different functions and appear very different.  Yet, the underlying anatomy is basically the same.  therefore, these structures are examples of
a)
geographic isolation
b)
analogous structures
c)

homologous structures

d)
reproductive isolation
12.

A current challenge for doctors involves the bacterial strain Clostridioides difficile, which no longer responds to traditional antibiotic treatments.

Which of the following best explains why this particular strain of bacteria is resistant to antibiotic treatment?

a)

Mutations creating new alleles occur more frequently in this species of bacteria than in other species.

b)

The bacteria have high genetic variability and high reproductive rates.

c)

Crossing over during meiosis increased genetic variability in the bacteria.

d)

The bacteria are able to recognize and destroy the antibiotics by breaking them down extracellularly.

13.

The differences in sparrow songs among different species of sparrows are examples of

a)

geographic isolation, allopatric speciation

b)
convergent evolution
c)

behavioral isolation, sympatric speciation

d)
mechanical isolation
14.
which of the following is NOT a requirement for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
a)
small population
b)
no gene flow
c)
no mutations
d)
no selection
15.

The Tasmanian devil is a marsupial that resembles the North America wolf, which is a placental mammal. They are not closely related, but have developed similar traits due to selective pressures in their environments. Which pattern of evolution is this an example of?

a)
adaptive radiation
b)
divergent evolution
c)
founder effect
d)
convergent evolution
16.
Which of the following statements is correct based on the information shown in this cladogram?
a)
the turtle and the frog are more similar to each other than the turtle and the bass
b)
frogs have existed for a longer time that bass
c)
the frog is more closely related to the bass than to the leopard
d)
the bass is exinct
17.
Which of the following types of reproductive barriers separate a pair of species that could interbreed except that one mates at dusk and the other at dawn?
a)
behavioral isolation
b)
mechanical isolation
c)
habitat isolation
d)
temporal isolation
18.
A common ancestor for both C and E could be at position __.
a)
1
b)
2
c)
3
d)
4
19.
Which statement correctly explains how resistance to penicillin appeared after a few years of its widespread use to fight bacterial infection? 
a)
in order to survive exposure to penicillin, bacteria developed a resistance to the drug 
b)
a few bacteria became resistant to penicillin, and through sexual reproduction , most bacteria acquired the resistance
c)
penicillin never really successfully wiped out populations of bacteria, scientist did not use proper controls in their studies
d)
some bacteria were resistant to penicillin and their population spread rapidly, without competition from bacteria that were killed by penicillin
20.
Which of the following is an example of gene flow?
a)
A subordinate wolf successfully challenges the alpha male and mates with pack females
b)
A deer picks up spores from a plant as it grazes and deposits them next to that plant.
c)
A young stallion is driven out of its herd by the alpha stallion and begins its own herd in another location
d)
All of these answers
21.

Natural selection is based on all of the following except

a)

genetic variation exists within populations.

b)

the best-adapted individuals tend to leave the most offspring.

c)

individuals who survive longer tend to leave more offspring than those who die young.

d)

populations tend to produce more individuals than the environment can support.

e)

individuals adapt to their environments and, thereby, evolve.

22.

Over time, the movement of people on Earth has steadily increased. This has altered the course of human evolution by increasing

a)

non-random mating.

b)

geographic isolation.

c)

genetic drift.

d)

mutations.

e)

gene flow.

23.

When we say that an individual organism has a greater fitness than another individual, we specifically mean that the organism

a)

lives longer than others of its species.

b)

competes for resources more successfully than others of its species.

c)

mates more frequently than others of its species.

d)

utilizes resources more efficiently than other species occupying similar niches.

e)

leaves more viable offspring than others of its species.

24.

Which describes an African butterfly species that exists in two strikingly different color patterns?

a)

artificial selection

b)

directional selection

c)

stabilizing selection

d)

disruptive selection

e)

sexual selection

25.

Males of different species of the fruit fly Drosophila that live in the same parts of the Hawaiian islands have different elaborate courtship rituals that involve fighting other males and stylized movements that attract females. What type of reproductive isolation does this represent?

a)

habitat isolation

b)

temporal isolation

c)

behavioral isolation

d)

gametic isolation

e)

postzygotic barriers

26.
In the early 2000s, White Nose fungus caused a mass die-off of native American bat species. Those bats that survived will continue the population with their own allele frequencies.  What type of genetic drift is this?
a)
Founder Effect
b)
Bottlenose Effect
c)
Bottleneck Effect
d)
Migration Effect
27.
Which Hardy-Weinberg equation represents the genotype frequencies in a population?
a)
p + q = 1
b)
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
c)
p2 + pq2 + q2 = 1
d)
p + 2pq + q3 = 1
28.
Which Hardy-Weinberg factor represents the frequency of heterozygous individuals in a population?
a)
p2
b)
2pq
c)
q2
d)
p2 + 2pq
29.
In the Hardy-Weinberg Equation, q2 is the frequency of what?
a)
The recessive allele 
b)
the dominant allele
c)
the recessive genotype
d)
the dominant genotype
30.
A population of 150 individuals has an allele frequency of 0.3 for the dominant allele (B) and a frequency of 0.7 for the recessive allele (b). Use the Hardy-Weinberg equation to determine the frequency of the genotype (bb).
a)
0.09
b)
0.42
c)
0.49
d)
0.21
31.

The allele frequency of p=.20 What is the percentage of Heterozygous Dominant genotype?

a)

.80

b)

.04

c)

.32

d)

.64

32.

The allele frequency of p=.20 What is the percentage of recessive genotype?

a)

.80

b)

.04

c)

.32

d)

.64

33.

The allele frequency of p=.20 What is q?

a)

.80

b)

.04

c)

.32

d)

.64

34.

The frequency of two alleles in a gene pool is 0.19 (A) and 0.81 (a). Assume the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. What is the percent of heterozygous individuals in the population?

a)

31%

b)

4%

c)

66%

d)

15%

35.

In a population that is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of the recessive homozygote genotype of a certain trait is 0.09. Calculate the % of individuals homozygous for the dominant allele.

a)

49%

b)

30%

c)

70%

d)

9%

36.

Which of the following is the best/most valid source of evidence to use when creating a phylogenetic tree?

a)

anatomical similarities

b)

comparative embryology

c)

location where an organism lives

d)

DNA/molecular evidence

37.

All desert mice have adaptations that allow them to conserve water and stay cool in the desert heat. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?

a)

All desert mice around the world share a recent common ancestor.

b)

Mice in deserts are exposed to similar selective pressures and these traits help mice to survive and reproduce.

c)

If you put an individual mouse in a desert, it will develop these traits.

38.

Which term refers to a group of organisms that can mate and produce fertile offspring?

a)

ecomorph

b)

species

c)

community

d)

organism

39.

Which term refers to the place an organism lives?

a)

habitat

b)

community

c)

niche

d)

home

40.

Which term refers to an organisms job/role in their environment?

a)

habitat

b)

niche

c)

community

d)

home

41.

Which organisms pictured on the diagram have hair?

a)

prosimians only

b)

prosimians and humans

c)

humans only

d)

prosimians and birds

42.
Which group(s) of organisms do not have vertebrae?
a)
lampreys and lancelets
b)
lampreys and tuna
c)
lancelets only
d)
salamanders, tuna, and lampreys
43.
On the diagram, which feature do all organisms inherit?
a)
A
b)
B
c)
C
d)
D
44.
Which trait do only humans have, according to the diagram?
a)
jaws
b)
mammary glands & hair
c)
terrestrial during all life stages
d)
bipedal & opposable thumbs
45.
Where is the T.rex and frog's common ancestor?
a)
Point A
b)
Point B
c)
Point C
d)
Point D
46.

Which species is the least closely related to humans based on the comparisons of amino acids in cytochrome c?

a)

rhesus monkey

b)

chimpanzee

c)

yeast

d)

fruit fly

47.
Which layer is the oldest
a)
B
b)
A
c)
E
d)
C
48.

How many differences exist in the sequence of amino acids that codes for hemoglobin proteins in horses and zebras?

a)

1

b)

2

c)

3

d)

4

49.
Which species’ DNA is most similar to the DNA of the toothed whale? 
a)
Hippopotamus 
b)
Baleen Whale
c)
Grazing Mammals
d)
Camels
50.
According to this data, the unknown bacterial species is most closely related to: 
a)
Species I
b)
Species II
c)
Species III
d)
Species IV
51.

Who is most closely related to Taxidea taxus?

a)

Lutra lutra

b)

Panthera pardus

c)

Canis latrans

d)

Canis lupus

52.

Label the natural selection graphs correctly...

a)

1 Stabilizing, 2 Directional, 3 Disruptive

b)

1 Disruptive, 2 Stabilizing, 3 Directional

c)

1 Directional, 2 Stabilizing, 3 Disruptive

53.

Starlings produce an average of five eggs. If there are more than five the parents cannot adequately feed the young. Fewer than five and predators may destroy them. As a result, five eggs becomes the most common number.

a)

Stabilizing

b)

Directional

c)

Disruptive

54.

Seed cracker birds have either large beaks or small beaks. They do not have medium sized beaks because medium sized beaks do not allow for adequate cracking of seeds.

a)

Stabilizing

b)

Directional

c)

Disruptive

55.

A scientist measures the circumference of acorns in a population of oak trees and discovers that the most common circumference is 2 cm. There are very few acorns with circumferences of 3 cm or circumferences of 1 cm. Only the 2 cm circumference acorns survive.

a)

Stabilizing

b)

Directional

c)

Disruptive

56.

A population of Madagascar hissing cockroaches lives in a woodpile. The cockroaches are eaten by lizards. Because the lizards have small heads, the lizards are unable to eat the very largest adult cockroaches, and instead prey upon small and medium sized adults. Over time, only the large headed lizards survive.

a)

Stabilizing

b)

Directional

c)

Disruptive

57.

Women often have complications during labor while giving birth to very large babies, whereas very small babies tend to be underdeveloped. As a result, medium sized babies are the ones that end up surviving to adulthood.

a)

Stabilizing

b)

Directional

c)

Disruptive

58.

Hummingbirds have a beak just the right length to reach the nectar in a cardinal flower and as they feed their foreheads bump into the pollen structure. Cardinal flowers are red which hummingbirds can see but bees can’t. Cardinal flower’s pollen structure is just the right length for the hummingbird to pick up pollen as it feeds

a)

Convergent

b)

Divergent

c)

Coevolution

59.

In the ocean surrounding Antarctica, there are fish that survive the cold water by using a molecule made of glycoproteins that circulates the blood and keeps it from freezing. Certain kinds of worms that live in the Arctic ocean also make antifreeze proteins that help them live in icy water.

a)

Convergent Evolution

b)

Divergent Evolution

c)

Coevolution

60.

The beaver in North America and the capybara in South America share a common ancestor, but have evolved over time to look different

a)

Convergent Evolution

b)

Divergent

c)

Coevolution

61.

The Galápagos tortoises share a common ancestor, but have necks of different lengths to best reach the food they need in their environment.

a)

Convergent

b)

Divergent

c)

Coevolution

62.

Gradualism means Natural Selection would normally happen over many generations and very

a)

slowly

b)

quickly

c)

in space

d)

beyond time

63.

Describes a patter of long, stable periods interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change

a)

convergent evolution

b)

coevolution

c)

punctuated equilibrium

d)

adaptive radiation

64.

The evolution of an ancestral species into an array of species that occupy different niches

a)

convergent evolution

b)

coevolution

c)

speciation

d)

adaptive radiation

65.
To find the _________ you add up all the numbers and then divide by how many numbers you have.
a)
Mean
b)
Median
c)
Mode
d)
Range
66.
The mean and standard deviation of a population are 200 and 20, respectively. Sample size is 25. 
What is the standard error of the sampling distribution?
a)
200
b)
16
c)
25
d)
4
67.
What conclusion can be drawn about the comparison of sample B and C?
a)
The mean values are the same.
b)
The mean of B is double the mean of C.
c)
The mean values may be significantly different.
d)
Sample B had a larger standard deviation.

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