__________ from deep within the planet causes the plates to move.

Dramatic movement along __________ boundaries can create __________ and deep trenches in the ocean floor.

__________ boundaries occur when plates on the ocean floor move apart. __________ rises up through the cracks created by this. It hardens and cools. If it does this enough, a __________ will eventually form.

Sometimes plates grind past one another along __________ boundaries.

Earthquakes and volcanoes are caused by __________.

__________ are formed when two plates grind against each other.

__________ happen when there's plate movement along fault lines. They can also be caused by the __________ of erupting volcanoes.

Plate movement at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean has created a band of volcanoes called the __________.

Vibrations caused by earthquakes and erupting volcanoes can transfer __________ to Earth's surface. When that energy travels through ocean water, it can make enormous waves called __________.

Tsunamis can wipe out entire coastlines!

__________ is the process by which Earth's surface is worn away by processes such as wind or rain.

__________ is a process that works with weathering. It also changes the surface of the Earth. This occurs when weathered bits of rock are moved to other places by water, wind or ice.

To summarize... materials are __________ by weathering and then __________ by erosion.

The __________ was created by weathering and erosion over time.

The inside of Earth is made up of three layers: ________, ________, and ________.

The center of Earth is the ________. There are two parts, a ________ inner core and an outer core made of ________ ________ metal.

1b. The ________ surrounds the outer core. It is made up of a thick layer of hot, dense ________.

1c. The outer layer of Earth is the ________. It's the rocky shell that forms the surface of our planet.

________ is melted rock below Earth's surface. When it comes up, out of a volcano it is referred to as ________.

Scientists are able to estimate the temperature and thickness of Earth's layers by observing ________ caused by Earthquakes.

Since Earth was formed, its surface has been in constant ________.

5. A ________ is a large mass of land.

What are Earth's seven continents? ________, ________, ________, ________, ________, ________, ________.

The region around the North pole is not a continent because it is made of dense ________, not ________.

Greenland is also not a continent. It is instead considered to be the world's largest ________.

6. The land beneath our feet is constantly ________.

Earth's surface fits together like massive ________ pieces. The movement of these pieces creates ________.

We have four main physical systems: a. __________ - contains all of Earth's water

We have four main physical systems: b. __________ - also sometimes called the geosphere, this contains all of the land/landforms on Earth's surface (the geosphere includes the core and mantle in addition to the crust)

We have four main physical systems: c. __________ - the thin layer of gasses that surround Earth; includes the air we breathe

We have four main physical systems: d. __________ - all of the living things on Earth's surface; people, animals and plants

Scientists group landforms by __________.

Elevation describes how far above __________ a landform or location is.

__________ are flat areas that lie at high elevations.

__________ are flat areas that are found at lower elevations. They can be found along coastlines but can also be far __________.

A __________ is a lowland area with land at a higher elevation on each side of it. They can be small or huge.

Valleys are supplied with water and __________ that run off from the higher lands, so they tend to have very rich __________ that is good for farming and livestock.

__________ are the largest of all land masses. They can be bordered by land as well as __________.

__________ are land masses that are surrounded by __________. They are __________ than continents.

A __________ is a long, narrow area of land that extends out into a river, lake or ocean. Florida is a good example of a peninsula.

An __________ is a narrow strip of land that connects two larger land areas with water on both sides. Panama (the Panama Canal) is a good example of this.

The ocean floor and land that we can see are __________. There are landforms such as plains, valleys, mountains, hills and plateaus!

The __________ is an underwater plain that borders a continent.

There are enormous underwater __________ that drop off into darkness!

The deepest location on Earth is the __________ in the __________ Ocean.

A __________ is a long, narrow, steep-sided cut in the ground/ocean floor.

16. When underwater __________ erupt, islands can form.

17. __________ on the ocean floor can be even taller than Mt. Everest! There's even a mountain __________. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is the longest __________ both under water and on land.

Water exists in three forms: __________, __________, and __________.

a. Solid forms: __________, __________, and __________.

b. Liquid forms: __________, __________, and __________.

c. Gas forms: __________.

Water is either __________ water or __________ water – the majority (97%) being salt.

What type of water are humans able to use?

Water under the Earth's crust is called __________.

21. __________ are underground layers of rock that hold groundwater.

22. Groundwater is an important source of __________.

What are our five oceans?

The Pacific Ocean covers more area than all of Earth's land combined!

25. All five oceans are actually ________ to form one big global ocean.

A coastal area where water is partially surrounded by land is called a ________. These areas are useful for docking ships, fishing and boating because they're protected from rough ________.

Larger areas of water that are partially surrounded by landmasses are called ________. They are a lot like an ocean, but are smaller and are affected more by the landmasses that surround them. (Our state touches the Gulf of Mexico!)

Lakes, rivers, streams and ponds typically hold ________ water.

Water provides: ________, ________, ________ and ________ to people all over the world.