To insulate the axon and speed up impulse conduction

To carry nerve impulses away from the cell body

D) To release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft

The uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that may form tumors

The complete death of cells or tissue due to injury or lack of blood supply

The permanent genetic change in DNA that alters cell function

lots of exposure to UV radiation from sun/tanning

Poor diet and lack of vitamins

Repeated skin trauma and scarring

Low levels of physical activity

Collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers

Blood vessels, adipocytes, and cartilage

Osteocytes, chondrocytes, and fibroblasts

It serves as an attachment site for tongue and neck muscles, aiding in swallowing and speech

It protects the brain and supports the sensory organs of the head

It anchors the ribs to the sternum and assists in breathing

It forms the central support for the spinal column

A) Bone collar forms → Primary ossification center develops → Secondary ossification centers appear → Cartilage model develops → Epiphyseal plate ossifies

B) Cartilage model develops → Bone collar forms → Primary ossification center develops → Secondary ossification centers appear → Epiphyseal plate ossifies

C) Primary ossification center develops → Cartilage model develops → Bone collar forms → Epiphyseal plate ossifies → Secondary ossification centers appear

D) Epiphyseal plate ossifies → Cartilage model develops → Bone collar forms → Secondary ossification centers appear → Primary ossification center develops

Blood production, mineral storage, and fat storage

Protection, sensory reception, heat retention, and reducing sunburn risk

Joint movement, hormone secretion, and oxygen transport

A tissue or organ transplanted from one person to another genetically different person

A tissue or organ transplanted from one part of a person’s body to another part of the same person

A tissue or organ transplanted from an animal to a human

A synthetic tissue or implant used to replace damaged tissue

Neurons, glial cells, and myelin

Epithelial layers, basement membrane, and keratin

Osteons, lacunae, and canaliculi

Tissue that transmits electrical signals throughout the body

Tissue that covers body surfaces and lines organs

Tissue that supports, protects, binds, and connects other tissues and organs

A small rounded projection for muscle attachment

A shallow depression where blood vessels pass

A smooth, rounded articular surface

A small, rounded projection for muscle attachment

A large, rough projection for muscle attachment

A smooth, rounded articular surface

A shallow depression in the pelvis for muscle attachment

A smooth, rounded surface for articulation with the femur

A small notch in the pelvic bone for blood vessels

A shallow depression in a bone

A large, rough projection for muscle attachmen

A smooth, rounded articular surface

A shallow depression in a bone

A small, pointed projection for muscle attachment

A large, rough projection for ligament attachment

A shallow depression in a bone

small, rounded articular surface

A cavity within a bone, often filled with air

To secrete oil onto the hair and skin

To produce movement at joints

To transport blood through the skin

Osteoclasts resorb bone → Osteoblasts in periosteum secrete new bone matrix → Bone diameter increases → Osteoblasts become osteocytes

Osteoclasts resorb bone → Osteoblasts become osteocytes → Bone diameter increases → Osteoblasts in periosteum secrete new bone matrix

Bone diameter increases → Osteoclasts resorb bone → Osteoblasts in periosteum secrete new bone matrix → Osteoblasts become osteocytes

Bony callus formation → Hematoma formation → Remodeling → Fibrocartilaginous callus

Remodeling → Fibrocartilaginous callus → Hematoma formation → Bony callus formation

Fibrocartilaginous callus → Hematoma formation → Remodeling → Bony callus formation

A

B

C

D

a

b

c

d

Increased oxygen levels in the blood

Inflammation of the skin caused by infection

Excess blood flow to the skin

Increased melanin production in the skin

Excessive oxygen in the blood

Sunburn or skin inflammation

A malignant tumor of the bone

A bacterial infection of the skin

A patch of dead skin due to poor circulation

The thick, coarse hair found on the scalp and eyebrows

Hair that grows only during puberty

Hair that forms scars or abnormal growths on the skin

Redness of the skin caused by inflammation

Bluish discoloration of the skin due to low oxygen levels

Pale skin caused by reduced blood flow or anemia

bluish discoloration of the skin due to low oxygen levels

Yellowing of the skin and eyes due to bilirubin buildup

Pale skin caused by reduced blood flow or anemia

A gland that secretes sweat to help regulate body temperature

gland that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream

gland that secretes oil to lubricate the skin

A gland that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream

A gland whose entire cell disintegrates to release its secretion

A gland that secretes products through a duct to the body surface

A gland that releases substances through ducts to the surface of the body or into cavities

A gland that stores nutrients for later use

A gland that produces digestive enzymes only

Mesenchymal cells → cartilage model → osteoblasts → compact bone formation

Ossification center develops → osteoid secreted and calcified → trabeculae form → periosteum develops

Mesenchymal cells cluster → differentiate into osteoblasts → secrete osteoid → calcification → trabeculae form → periosteum develops

. Chondrocytes enlarge → cartilage calcifies → blood vessels invade → bone replaces cartilage

Provides movement and posture

Protects the body, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and allows sensation

Produces hormones for growth and metabolism

Breaks down food into nutrients for absorption

Low bone density; bones become brittle and fragile

Bone cancer that spreads quickly

Softening of bones due to lack of vitamin D

Excess calcium in the blood

A fracture caused by twisting forces

A tumor in bone tissue

A congenital defect in the spine

soft spots on infant skulls that allow for brain growth

A fracture of the distal radius

a congenital condition where the roof of the mouth doesn't fuse properly

A deformity caused by low bone density

An excess of calcium in the blood

Ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone

A fall on an outstretched hand

Weakening of bones in old age

A softening of bone due to vitamin deficiency

a bone breaks incompletely, only one side of the shaft breaks; the other side bends

A skull fracture pressed inward

A wrist fracture at the distal radius

A fracture caused by twisting

A. A twisting fracture of long bones

B. A crack in children’s bones

C. A wrist fracture (distal radius) often from falling on an outstretched hand

D. A fracture with bone pressed inward

The roof of the mouth does not fuse correctly

A bone is broken in a twisting motion

A bone bends and cracks

Broken bone portion is pressed inward. typical skull fracture

Softening of bones due to vitamin D deficiency

Abnormal bone remodeling and deformity

A form of bone cancer usually in the long bone of upper or lower limb

Excess calcium in the blood

Bone cancer

Softening of the bones due to vitamin D deficienc

Weak bones due to abnormal bone remodeling

A wrist fracture caused by falling

A fracture caused by twisting forces

A congenital defect of the palate

Abnormal bone rremodeling leading to weak and deformed bones

Softening of bones due to lack of vitamin D

Low bone density and brittle bones

A congenital defect of the skull

A fracture of the distal radius

Excess calcium in the blood

To move mucus across cell surfaces

To transmit nerve signals

To increase surface area for absorption of nutrients and substances

To produce hormones for the body

Bones stop growing after puberty

Bones are replaced by cartilage under stress

Bone grows and remodels in response to the forces and stresses placed on it

Bone density decreases only with age

A: asymmetry; the two sides of
the pigmented area do not
match
• B: border irregularity; exhibits
indentations
• C: color; contains several (black,
brown, tan, sometimes red or
blue)
• D: diameter; larger than 6 mm
(size of pencil eraser)

• Age, Blood type, Color, Depth of mole

Asymmetry, Bleeding, Crusting, Depth

Area, Border, Color, Diameter less than 2 mm

The head and neck are 18% of total body surface area, and each arm is 4%

Each leg is 9% of total body surface area, and the perineum is 5%

The anterior and posterior trunk together are 50% of total body surface area

The head and neck are 9%, each arm is 9%, each leg is 18%, the trunk is 36% and the perineum is 1%

Decreases blood calcium levels by storing calcium in bones

Stimulates muscle contraction

increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity and calcium absorbtion

Decreases phosphate levels only

Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Cartilage, bone, muscle

Osteoblast, osteocyte, osteoclast

Skull, vertebrae, ribs

Pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, limbs

Sternum, ribs, hyoid

Mandible, clavicle, scapula

dermis

Hypodermis

Epidermis

Subcutaneous tissue

Produce red blood cells

Store fat

Lighten the skull, produce mucus, and help with voice resonance

Protect the spinal cord

Limbs, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle

Skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage

Clavicle, scapula, humerus

Hands, feet, ribs

Male pelvis is wider; female pelvis is narrower

Male pelvis is narrower and heavier; female pevis is wider and shallower for childbirth

Both are identical in size and shape

Male pelvis has a larger pelvic inlet than female

Long bone

Flat bone

Short bone

Irregular bone

Produce sweat for thermoregulation

Secrete sebum to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair

Detect touch sensations

Produce keratin

Cells that break down bone

Cells that build and secrete new bone matrix

Mature bone cells in lacunae

Cells that store calcium

Articular cartilage of the hip

Intervertebral discs and public symphysis

outer ear

Nose septum

Redness and minor pain

Blistering only

Full-thickness destruction of epidermis and dermis, often affecting underlying tissues

Slight swelling of skin

The root of the hair under the skin

The visible portion of hair above the skin surface

The area where new hair cells are produced

A gland that secretes sebum

Sweat produced by eccrine glands

Oily substance secreted by sabaceous glands to lubricate hair and skin

Keratin in hair

Dead skin cells

True

False

Lines formed by stretched collagen in the back

the technical term for the lines on your palm, fingers, and soles

Wrinkles caused by aging only

Lines formed by epidermal ridges only