Which pair of contracts are classified as Principal Contracts because they stand independently and do not rely on securing another obligation?

A Secured Loan is defined as a form of borrowing that is backed by collateral. Should the borrower default, the lender possesses a perfected real right to:

The distinction between a Simple Loan (Mutuum) and a Commodatum lies in their object and ownership. In Mutuum, ownership passes to the borrower who must return an equivalent amount. In Commodatum:

For accountancy and legal purposes in the Philippines, money deposited in a bank is legally classified as an Irregular Deposit, which creates a relationship of:

A deposit mandated by a court order, arising strictly within the context of litigation over the possession of a specific property, is known as a:

A deposit made by travelers in inns or hotels, or one compelled by an urgent circumstance like a fire or storm, is categorized as a:

The primary distinction between a Guaranty and a Suretyship lies in their liability. A Guarantor's liability is subsidiary, conditional, and secondary. In contrast, a Surety's liability is:

The guarantor's right to demand that the creditor first exhaust all legal remedies against the property of the principal debtor before any action is pursued against the guarantor is called the:

In which scenario does a Guarantor lose the Benefit of Excussion?

Why can a Surety be immediately sued by the creditor upon the debtor's default without the creditor having to first pursue the assets of the principal debtor?

Who essentially insures the debt itself (that the debt will be paid), rather than just the solvency of the debtor?

The following are the three essential requisites common to both Pledge and Mortgage, EXCEPT:

The stipulation in a contract of pledge or mortgage which automatically grants the creditor ownership of the collateral upon the debtor’s failure to pay the debt is called Pactum Commissorium. Under Philippine law, this stipulation is:

To avoid the prohibition on Pactum Commissorium, the creditor must instead resort to the formal legal procedure of sale (foreclosure or public auction) to liquidate the collateral. This ensures that:

The subsequent, voluntary agreement to transfer the collateral to the creditor in full payment of the debt after default has occurred is a valid debt settlement mechanism known as:

If a third party, who is not the principal debtor, constitutes a pledge or mortgage over their own property to secure the principal obligation of another, the third party’s legal liability for the debt itself is:

The principle that the security right remains whole and cannot be proportionally extinguished until the principal debt is completely and fully satisfied, even if the debt is divided among heirs, is known as:

Which instrument of real security uses immovable property (like land or buildings) as the subject matter, where the mortgagor retains possession?

For a Real Estate Mortgage (REM) to be effective against third persons, it must be:

The formal requisite for a Chattel Mortgage (CM), where both parties must swear before a notary public that the mortgage is constituted to secure a just debt and is not intended for fraud, is the:

The enactment of the Personal Property Security Act (PPSA) of 2018 (RA 11057) aims to modernize secured transactions by:

Under the PPSA, the perfection of a security interest is primarily achieved by:

The statutory hierarchy that dictates the order of payment when the debtor's assets are insufficient to cover all outstanding debts is called the:

Special Preferred Credits are those that constitute a lien:

Credits secured by mortgages duly recorded in the Registry of Property fall under which specific article of the Civil Code?

Among the special preferred credits over specific real property (Art. 2242), which claim enjoys absolute priority and is paid first?

If there are multiple special preferred credits (excluding taxes) over the same specific immovable property under Article 2242, the rule for their satisfaction is:

After all claims against specific properties (Arts. 2241 and 2242) have been satisfied, the remaining general assets of the debtor are used to pay the claims listed in which article?

Unsecured loans (like most credit card or personal debts) are classified as the lowest priority, categorized as Non-Preferred Credits under Article 2245, and must be satisfied: