[ ]: Lack of motivation experienced by some with schizophrenia

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[ ]: Lack of movement or speech experienced by some with schizophrenia

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Impaired cognitive function: Reduced memory or [ ]

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[ ] delusion: A strongly held belief that you are in danger because others are conspiring against you or pursuing you to cause harm

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[ ] delusion: A strongly held belief that you are someone with special powers or special abilities, for example that you are a superhero

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Delusion of [ ]: A strongly held belief that events in the environment are related to you, for example believing that a television programme is talking about you

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Schizophrenia is marked by [ ] distorted beliefs called delusions

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The Freeman et al study sought to specifically investigate whether [ ] Ps would experience persecutory ideation in VR

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The sample of the Freeman study was [ ] non-clinical participants.

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All the Ps in the Freeman study were students or staff at

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If SZ were TRULY caused only by genetic factors, then identical twins of those with SZ would develop it 100% of the time. This suggests there is at least some [ ] aspect to the disorder as well.

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Crucially, the Ps in the Sensky study were assessed by [ ] raters who did not know which condition they had been in (CBT or Befriending), and thus could not demonstrate bias.

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Genetic explanations in particular are often criticized as [ ] because they suggest that most people with certain genetic mutations will inevitably develop disorders.

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Biological explanations (and treatments) are often criticized as [ ] because they focus on ONE aspect of SZ, the dopamine abnormality or genetics, ignoring environmental and situational factors which may contribute to the disorder.

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Large trials like the RCT into the effectiveness of antipsychotics demonstrate a(n) [ ] approach, attempting to make generalisations about effective treatments based on large sets of data.

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CBT as a treatment may be said to take a(n) [ ] approach, as the therapy tailored to addressing patients' individual goals and experiences.

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The goal of Electro-Convulsive Therapy is to use electricity to induce [ ], which somehow treat SZ symptoms in some people.

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ECT stands for [ ].

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The Sensky example study investigated the effectiveness of CBT for SZ by comparing results to a control group who received [ ].

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Randomised control trials shown that [ ]% of SZ Ps taking anti-psychotics show significant improvement within 4-6 weeks.

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Typical anti-psychotics caused some Ps to experience [2 words], or involuntary muscle spasms and abnormal movements of the face and body.

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Evidence for dopamine hypothesis: Patients with [ ] disease, who take synthetic dopamine, may show symptoms similar to SZ if their dosage is too high.

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The semi-structured interview for Freeman was videotaped, then rated for persecutory content on a [ ] point scale by Freeman, a clinical psychologist.

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Freeman: Ps took the Brief Symptom Inventory, The Paranoia Scale, The Anxiety Questionnaire, The Sense of Presence Questionnaire, and the [ ] questionnaire, written by the Rs.

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The VR-Paranoia scale had [ ] total items, each rated on a 4 point scale from 0-3.

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The VR-Paranoia scale had 15 total items, each rated on a 4 point scale from [ ].

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Freeman: Ps took the The Paranoia Scale, The State Anxiety Questionnaire, The Sense of Presence Questionnaire, the VR-Paranoia Questionnaire, and the 53 question [ ].

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Freeman: Ps were NOT told that the research was investigating persecutory ideation in order to avoid [ ] them to experience the thoughts.

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Freeman conclusion: Higher levels of [ ] and anxiety were significantly correlated with higher levels of persecutory thoughts in VR.

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Freeman conclusion: Higher levels of interpersonal sensitivity and [ ] were significantly correlated with higher levels of persecutory thoughts in VR.

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These 5 items from Freeman's VR-Paranoia Scale measured VR-[ ].

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These 5 items from Freeman's VR-Paranoia Scale measured VR-[ ].

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Freeman conclusion: People DO [ ] mental states to VR characters, usually positive ones, but sometimes persecutory.

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Freeman aim: To investigate whether non-clinical Ps would experience persecutory ideation in VR, AND which cognitive or emotional [ ] might predict the likelihood of developing PI.

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Another key positive symptom of SZ is an experience of [ ], passivity, or control - the belief that your thoughts or actions are being controlled by someone or something external.

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A key positive symptom of SZ is thought [ ], or the inability to think (or speak) in an organised manner, which often gives rise to "word salad."

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SZ is a [ ] disorder, which involves a break with reality.

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Another cognitive explanation for SZ is that Ps show impaired [3 words], which causes them to struggle to interpret the intentions of others and may contribute to feelings of persecution and paranoia.

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If you have a fraternal twin with SZ, you have a [ ]% chance of developing it.

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If you have an identical twin with SZ, you have a [ ]% chance of developing it.

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Frith's cognitive explanation for schizophrenia suggests the central issue is abnormality of [ ].

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The best evidence for the genetic explanation of SZ is that monozygotic twins have a higher [ ] rate than fraternal ones.

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In his study of 30,000 twin pairs in Denmark, Hilker estimated a [ ]% heritability rate for SZ.

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A [ ] is a chemical which enables communication between neurons (at synapse)

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Ps in the Freeman study explored the VR situation for [ ] minutes.

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Ps undergoing ECT for acute SZ will be given anesthetic and a [ ].

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ECT is now applied to only one side of the brain, or [ ], to reduce side effects like memory loss.

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ECT side effects include: [ ], dizziness, memory loss, confusion

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Typically, CBT for SZ will last 12-[ ] weekly sessions

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During CBT, Ps are taught to recognize and [ ] their own delusions, often "reality-testing" them

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While drug therapy may not reduce hallucinations completely, through CBT Ps can learn strategies to ignore or [ ] them

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CBT is a talk therapy that begins with forming a [ ] therapeutic relationship

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The key point of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy is that the consequence is most importantly a result of the person's [ ] about the event, rather than the event iself.

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Ellis says that we create a [ ] to our emotions as a result of our irrational beliefs about bad things that happen.

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The "A" in ABCDE is the [ ] that a P experiences.

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The "C" in ABCDE is the emotional and behavioral [ ] a P experiences as a result of their irrational beliefs.

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The "D" in ABCDE is forcefully [ ] those irrational beliefs.

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The "E" in ABCDE refers to the [ ] that the P learns to form.

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The MA in MAOI stands for [one word]

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The O in MAOI stands for

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SSRI stands for

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People with negative/pessimistic attributional style believed that the causes of bad things that happened to them would last for a long time, aka they would be [ ].

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People with negative/pessimistic attributional style believed that the causes of bad things that happened to them would affect many areas of their lives, aka they would be [ ].

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Seligman believed that depression stems from a feeling of a lack of control over outcomes, which he called [ ].

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Seligman believed depression could be explained by your [ ] style - or how you explained the bad events that happened to you.

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All the Ps in the Oruc study were from what country?

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Cognitive Restructuring focuses on how [ ] thinking processes underpin [ ] (same word) behavioural and unhealthy emotional outcomes.

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Rather than focusing on the underlying philosophy, as Ellis's REBT did, Beck's cognitive restructuring focused more teaching Ps to identify and counter their ANTs, or [ ].

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REBT stands for [ ] Behavioural Therapy

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Oruc chose the 5-HT2C gene because it encodes for [ ] receptors.

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The CONTROL group in Oruc was [ ] Ps without bipolar disorder, recruited from the hospital staff and friends.

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The bipolar group in Oruc was [ ] Ps with BP-I (25 females, 17 males).

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Each item on the BDI includes [ ] statements, and Ps choose the one that best describes how they have been feeling during the past 2 weeks.

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Each item on the BDI is rated from [ ].

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The Beck Depression Inventory has [ ] items.

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A diagnosis of depressive disorder can only be made if the individual has never experienced a [ ] episode, as this would indicate bipolar disorder. [The answer is the simplest one-word answer.]

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Which neurotransmitter is associated with sleep, appetite, mood, and anxiety?

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Which neurotransmitter is associated with motivation and pleasure?

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In the Oruc sample, Ps with bipolar were not significantly more likely to show 5-HT and 5-HT2C polymorphisms compared to the control group. But when they analyzed separately by [ ], a significant difference appeared.

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Genetic variations are also known as

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The aim of the Oruc study was to investigate whether certain genes involved in the encoding for serotonin receptors could be involved in susceptibility to bipolar. These were the 5-HTT and [ ] genes.

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Depressive symptoms include: low mood, loss of pleasure/interest in activities, difficulty [ ], feelings of worthlessness or guilt

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Bipolar Type II is characterized by the presence of [ ]-manic episodes, where symptoms are less acute than in a manic episode.

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Manic episodes last at least 1 week and are characterized by: Extreme mood (euphoric or irritable), high levels of activity/energy and self-esteem, rapid speech, and [ ] behavior.

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The BDI is a [ ] test, meaning it attempts to quantify a complex mental process.

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The BDI has high split-half reliability, as well as high [ ] with the Hamilton Depression Scale, another measure of depression.

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Beck created the [ ] to explain how Ps' negative views about themselves, the world, and the future reinforce their symptoms.

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Beck believed that trauma or criticism in childhood could cause people to develop a negative [ ], or outlook on life, that caused them to form maladaptive thinking patterns.

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Beck believed depression was reinforced by thought [ ], or maladaptive thinking patterns - such as catastrophising, selective thinking, personalising, and overgeneralisation.

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Oruc: Because serotonin is known to be [2 words], Rs re-analyzed the data by gender, finding there WAS a suggestive association for the polymorphisms in females only.

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People with ICDs all experience an increase in tension or [ ] before they perform their undesirable behavior.

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The K-SAS has 11 items rated on a [ ] scale.

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The K-SAS has [ ] items.

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The main measure for Kleptomania is the [ ].

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The biological explanation for ICDs is [ ].

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Behavioral Explanation: People develop an ICD as a result of [ ], especially if the reinforcement schedule is intermittent.

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People develop an ICD as a result of operant conditioning, especially if the reinforcement schedule is [ ].

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The cognitive explanation for ICDs is Miller's [ ] Theory.

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According to the Feeling-State Theory, Ps experience an [ ] emotion while performing the behavior, causing the two to become linked.

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Which treatment for ICD focuses on progressive muscle relaxation and visualizing leaving the situation without engaging in the undesirable behavior?

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Imaginal desensitisation as a treatment for ICDs relies on reducing the physiological [ ] caused by someone's triggers.

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Conditioning those with ICDs to associate their undesirable behavior with an aversive stimulus is [ ].

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Covert sensitisation for ICDs trains Ps to associate their undesirable behavior with a(n) [ ].

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Covert sensitisation works on the principle of [ ].

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The variable most strongly associated with positive treatment response for OAs was a [ ].

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Clinically relevant treatment in the Grant study was defined as a [ ]% reduction in PG-YBOCS score.

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The effectiveness of the OA treatment in the Grant study was measured by the change in [ ] score.

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[ ]% of Ps received an active medication, in the Grant study of OAs.

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The Grant study actually combined the results of two studies, one on [ ], and one on naltrexone.

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Ps had to be on [ ] in order to be included in the Grant study on opiate antagonists.

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To be included in the Grant study, Ps had to score a 5 or higher on the [ ] Gambling Screener.

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The Grant sample was [ ] Ps with pathological gambling.

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The Grant study set out to identify the [ ] associated with treatment outcome in pathological gambling subjects receiving opiate antagonists

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The Grant key study investigated the factors that influenced the effectiveness of [ ] as treatment for pathological gambling.

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A key part of both psychological therapies for ICDs is that the procedures need to practiced between sessions as [ ].

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A key point of diagnosing ICDs is that the undesirable behaviors are performed with no discernible [ ].

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Both cognitive-behavioral treatments for ICDs begin with progressive muscle relaxation exercises to help the Ps immerse themselves in the [ ].

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Both cognitive-behavioral treatments for ICDs begin with [ ] exercises to help the Ps immerse themselves in the visualizations.

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In the Glover study, a 56 year old kleptomaniac was successfully treated using covert sensitisation, specifically by pairing the idea of stealing with nausea and [ ].

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In Grant, [ ] Ps were more likely to respond to the placebo.

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A compulsive desire to light fires is known as

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A compulsive desire to steal is known as

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ICDs are associated with reduced levels of dopamine in the brain's reward system (the [ ]).

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ICDs are characterized by a repeated inability to [ ] the impulse or urge to carry out a behavior that is rewarding in the short-term but has long-term negative consequences

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To diagnose pyromania, the therapist must ensure there is no understandable motive, such as [ ], sabotage, or revenge

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Performing the behavior provides [ ] from the affective arousal or tension Ps experience when facing a trigger.

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The K-SAS measures thoughts, feeling, and [ ] related to stealing

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Psychosocial functioning was assessed in the Grant study using the [ ] Scale.

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Opiate antagonists work be reducing the response of the [ ] centre in the brain (located in the striatum).

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When you compare two measures of the same phenomenon and they produce similar results, that is known as [ ].

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