In embryos, osteogenesis leads to the formation of the _________

In children and young adults, ossification occurs as part of _________

In adults, ossification occurs as part of bone remodeling and _________

Refer to the diagram of the developing embryo. Which type of bone formation is labeled near the head region?

Refer to the diagram of the developing embryo. Fill in the blank: The bones forming in the limb region are called _________.

What is intramembranous ossification?

Intramembranous ossification exists as ______ prior to ossification.

Which bones are formed by intramembranous ossification?

What is the outermost layer shown in the diagram of intramembranous ossification?

Which tissue is located directly beneath the skin in the diagram of intramembranous ossification?

What type of bone is shown in the middle layer of the diagram of intramembranous ossification?

Which cells are responsible for forming new bone tissue in intramembranous ossification?

In the diagram of intramembranous ossification, which structure is labeled as the initial tissue from which bone develops?

Which of the following is NOT labeled in the diagram of intramembranous ossification?

What is the function of osteocytes as shown in the diagram of intramembranous ossification?

What is endochondral ossification?

Identify the tissue labeled at the top of the diagram.

Fill in the blank: The middle label in the diagram points to __________.

Fill in the blank: The bottom label in the diagram points to __________.

Which stage in endochondral ossification is represented by the 'Cartilaginous model'?

Fill in the blank: The ________ is the stage where the cartilage begins to calcify during endochondral ossification.

Which part of the bone is formed during the 'Secondary ossification center' stage?

Fill in the blank: The ________ is the area where blood vessels invade the developing bone during endochondral ossification.

The medullary cavity is formed before the compact bone during endochondral ossification.

Refer to the diagram. Fill in the blank: The process by which bone grows in length is similar to _____________.

Which hormone influences bone growth in length?

Sex hormones from the ovaries and testes influence bone growth in length.

Cartilage and bone interact during the process of bone growth in length by:

Fill in the blank: The process by which bones grow in width is called _________.

Which cells beneath the periosteum secrete bone matrix on the external surface?

Fill in the blank: Osteoclasts on the endosteal surface of the diaphysis ________ bone.

Look at the images under the title 'Abnormalities in Growth'. What do these images illustrate?

Based on the images and the title 'Abnormalities in Growth', name one condition that could cause a person to be much taller or much shorter than average.

Bone remodeling is essential for _________

Bone architecture is constantly _________

Bone Homeostasis: What percentage of our bone mass do we recycle each week?

Which two processes constitute bone remodeling?

Fill in the blank: Remodeling doesn’t happen ________.

Bone remodeling is coupled and coordinated by which two types of cells?

Bone remodeling is helped by the stress sensing osteocytes.

What is another term for the coordinated process of bone remodeling involving osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes?

Fill in the blank: The first step in the process of bone remodeling is _________

Fill in the blank: The recruitment of ________ is a step in the process of bone remodeling.

Fill in the blank: _________ is the process where bone tissue is broken down and absorbed.

Fill in the blank: The recruitment of ________ follows resorption in bone remodeling.

Fill in the blank: _________ formation is a step in the process of bone remodeling.

Fill in the blank: _________ is the process where minerals are deposited in the bone matrix during bone remodeling.

Fill in the blank: _________ maturation is a step in the process of bone remodeling.

Fill in the blank: The final step in the process of bone remodeling is _________.

Where does bone deposit occur? Fill in the blank: Bone deposit occurs where bone is ______ or where added bone strength is needed.

Optimal bone deposit can only occur with a healthy diet rich in which of the following?

What is the term for the cells involved in bone deposit? The cells involved in bone deposit are called ______.

According to the information on 'Control of Remodeling', is remodeling a continuous process?

How many control loops regulate remodeling according to the 'Control of Remodeling' information?

Which of the following is a control loop that regulates remodeling?

Fill in the blank: Remodeling is regulated by a negative feedback hormone mechanism to control _______.

99% of the calcium is present in _________?

Calcium is responsible for physiological processes such as transmission of nerve impulses, muscle contraction, blood coagulation, secretion by glands and nerve cells, and cell division. Which of the following is NOT a process that calcium is responsible for?

Less than _______ is present in the blood.

Calcium is maintained between _______ per dl of blood.

The daily requirement of calcium is _______ until the age of 10 and _______ from age 11-24.

Hormonal Mechanism: When is Parathyroid Hormone released?

Hormonal Mechanism: What does an increase in Parathyroid Hormone stimulate?

Hormonal Mechanism: Osteoclasts break down both old and new matrix, but do not touch the osteoid. Why?

Hormonal Mechanism: As calcium levels rise, the stimulus for PTH _______.

Hormonal Mechanism: The decline of PTH reverses its effects and causes blood calcium levels to _______.

Greatest stress, both compression and tension, are on the _______ of bone.

Internal to the exterior region, tension and compression forces _______ each other out.

Because no stress occurs at the bone’s center, the lack of bone tissue in the medullary cavity does not impair the strength of long bones.

According to Wolff's Law, what happens to a bone in response to the demands placed on it?

Wolff's Law states that a bone grows or remodels in response to the demands placed on it.

Fill in the blank: Long bones are _______ midway along the diaphysis according to Wolff's Law.

Which bones are thickest where they are most likely to buckle?

Fill in the blank: The trabeculae of spongy bone form trusses or struts along lines of _______.

Large, boney projections occur where heavy, active muscles attach according to Wolff's Law.

Refer to the diagram of the femur under the title 'Bone Strength'. What is the function of the area labeled 'Head of femur'?

Refer to the diagram of the femur under the title 'Bone Strength'. The area marked with arrows and labeled 'Tension here' indicates:

Refer to the diagram of the femur under the title 'Bone Strength'. The 'Point of no stress' is located at the ________ of the femur.

Refer to the diagram of the femur under the title 'Bone Strength'. True or False: Compression occurs at the same location as tension in the femur.