Echocardiographic view most helpful to assess right ventricular size.

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Echocardiographic measure most specific for severe aortic stenosis when low flow.

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Coronary lesion that most benefits from heart rate reduction intraoperatively.

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First line medication to treat reflex bradycardia during endovascular aneurysm repair.

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Mechanism responsible for bradycardia during iliac manipulation in endovascular repair.

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Optimal intravascular monitor to confirm rapid blood pressure changes beat by beat.

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Echocardiographic finding that distinguishes constriction from tamponade.

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Most hemodynamically dangerous rhythm in severe aortic stenosis.

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Preferred strategy for new left bundle branch block with hypotension intraoperatively.

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Invasive line essential for rapid vasoactive titration in critical valve disease.

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Essential perioperative medication to continue in chronic coronary disease.

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Perioperative medication that increases vasoplegia risk when continued to the day of surgery.

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Primary vasoactive pair for low output shock with preserved preload.

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Physiologic determinant of penumbral cerebral perfusion during carotid clamping.

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Strategy that most rapidly raises cerebral perfusion during carotid clamping.

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Primary hazard of high positive end expiratory pressure in right ventricular failure.

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Primary hazard of high tidal volume in pulmonary hypertension.

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Best ventilatory target to reduce right ventricular afterload.

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Key acid base target to reduce right ventricular afterload.

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Common cause of acute right ventricular failure in the operating room.

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Preferred imaging to confirm suspected pulmonary embolism intraoperatively.

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Common cause of refractory hypoxemia during one lung ventilation despite high oxygen.

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Primary therapy to reverse inhibition of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction.

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Cognitive complication associated with prolonged hypotension during surgery.

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Best immediate management for cough induced dynamic obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

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Aortic regurgitation heart rate target to maintain forward flow.

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Mitral stenosis heart rate target to optimize filling.

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Tricuspid regurgitation heart rate target to maintain forward output.

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Most useful bedside measurement for perfusion during vasopressor therapy.

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Primary determinant of cerebral perfusion during shoulder surgery in the upright position. Fill in the blank: (a)   .

Preferred arm position to avoid brachial plexus tension in steep reverse Trendelenburg. Fill in the blank: (a)   .

Immediate therapy for polymorphic ventricular tachycardia without collapse. Fill in the blank: (a)   .

First line therapy for narrow complex atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia. Fill in the blank: (a)   .

Most specific echocardiographic sign of severe aortic stenosis with low flow low gradient. Fill in the blank: (a)   .

Most sensitive early marker of myocardial ischemia intraoperatively. Fill in the blank: (a)   ?

Preferred monitor to detect regional wall motion change during high risk noncardiac surgery. Fill in the blank: (a)   .

Most important hemodynamic goal during repair of ascending aortic dissection. Fill in the blank: (a)   .

Preferred sequence for anti impulse therapy in acute aortic syndrome. Fill in the blank: (a)   .

Best induction agent for hemodynamic stability in severe valvular disease. Fill in the blank: (a)   .

Most effective treatment for bradycardia hypotension reflex during endovascular aortic procedures. Fill in the blank: (a)   .

Most reliable peripheral site for arterial pressure during cardiogenic shock. Fill in the blank: (a)   .

Ventilator setting most likely to reduce left ventricular afterload in pulmonary edema. Fill in the blank: (a)   .

Primary physiologic risk of excessive positive end expiratory pressure in right heart failure. Fill in the blank: (a)   .

Pharmacologic strategy to treat vasoplegia refractory to catecholamines after cardiopulmonary bypass. Fill in the blank: (a)   .

Most important intraoperative determinant of renal perfusion.

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Main intraoperative determinant of hepatic blood flow under volatile anesthesia.

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Common anesthetic cause of reduced mixed venous oxygen saturation.

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Preferred vasoactive for mixed septic and cardiogenic shock with low output.

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Essential pacing strategy for high grade atrioventricular block before induction.

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Device programming change recommended for pacer dependent patient undergoing upper abdominal surgery with monopolar cautery.

(a)  

Device programming change recommended for implantable cardioverter defibrillator during surgery with monopolar cautery.

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Primary physiologic risk of rapid afterload reduction in severe aortic stenosis.

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Primary physiologic risk of phenylephrine in chronic aortic regurgitation.

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Primary physiologic risk of esmolol in chronic aortic regurgitation.

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Best immediate response to suspected air embolism during sitting craniotomy with central line.

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Most predictive preoperative factor for perioperative cardiac events in noncardiac surgery.

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Risk index most widely used for major cardiac complications in noncardiac surgery.

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Chronic medication continuation that lowers perioperative cardiac events in vascular surgery.

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Postoperative myocardial injury management priority in stable patient.

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Primary contributor to postoperative type two myocardial infarction.

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Leading cause of perioperative stroke during carotid endarterectomy.

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Best immediate action for neurologic change during awake carotid surgery.

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Primary cause of hypoxemia shortly after initiation of one lung ventilation.

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Best immediate maneuver when continuous positive airway pressure fails during one lung ventilation.

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Aortic cross clamp effect on left ventricular wall tension.

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Aortic declamping effect on systemic vascular resistance.

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Aortic declamping effect on venous return.

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Aortic declamping effect on mixed venous oxygen saturation.

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Coronary supply demand goal during cross clamping in coronary disease.

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Best single monitor to guide rapid vasoactive titration in unstable valve disease.

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Primary reason hyperoxia does not correct pulmonary shunt during one lung ventilation.

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Main physiologic reason nitrous oxide worsens pulmonary hypertension.

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Most useful bedside sign of severe aortic stenosis in hemodynamic collapse.

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Most useful bedside sign of severe aortic regurgitation in hemodynamic collapse.

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Primary risk of bradycardia in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy with obstruction.

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Primary risk of hypovolemia in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.

(a)  

First line vasopressor to treat hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy obstruction.

(a)  

Primary intraoperative cause of demand ischemia in chronic coronary disease.

(a)  

Immediate action when left ventricular assist device patient shows low pulsatility index and hypotension.

(a)  

Preferred vasoactive to support mean pressure during left ventricular assist device underfilling.

(a)  

Primary ventilatory goal to protect right ventricle in pulmonary hypertension.

(a)  

Primary acid base goal to protect right ventricle in pulmonary hypertension.

(a)  

Primary oxygenation goal to protect right ventricle in pulmonary hypertension.

(a)  

Echocardiographic descriptor of the separating membrane in aortic dissection.

(a)  

Stress induced cardiomyopathy triggered by emotional surge.

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Most useful echocardiographic parameter to quantify right ventricular systolic function at the bedside.

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Most specific transesophageal echocardiographic view to visualize left atrial appendage thrombus.

(a)  

Primary target when managing intraoperative ischemia.

(a)  

Best pharmacologic agent to acutely increase heart rate in aortic regurgitation with bradycardia.

(a)  

Most effective pharmacologic agent to reduce afterload in mitral regurgitation.

(a)  

Most effective pharmacologic agent to reduce pulmonary capillary wedge pressure in ischemic mitral regurgitation.

(a)  

First line therapy when severe tricuspid regurgitation becomes hypotensive under high positive end expiratory pressure.

(a)  

Best immediate intervention for refractory hypoxemia due to high shunt during one lung ventilation.

(a)  

Best immediate step when implantable cardioverter defibrillator shocks inappropriately during cautery.

(a)  

Most important hemodynamic variable to preserve coronary perfusion in fixed outflow obstruction.

(a)  

Most important rhythm feature to maintain in aortic stenosis.

(a)  

Principal cause of myocardial ischemia during inadequate anesthesia and laryngoscopy.

(a)  

Best immediate response to isolated drop in somatosensory evoked potentials without hemodynamic change.

(a)  

Best immediate step to confirm true arterial hypotension in damped waveform.

(a)