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Open Channel and Types of Flow

Total questions: 109

Worksheet time: 55mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

An Open Channel is a conduit in which a liquid flows with a _________

a)

free surface

b)

closed pipe

c)

vacuum seal

d)

pressurized cover

2.

Which of the following best describes Open Channel Flow?

a)

Flow confined in a closed conduit, has no free surface

b)

Flow having a free surface and subjected to atmospheric pressure

c)

Flow with no surface at all

d)

Flow under vacuum

3.

Which of the following statements is true about Pipe Flow?

a)

It has a free surface and is subjected to atmospheric pressure

b)

It is confined in a closed conduit, has no free surface, and exerts only hydraulic pressure

c)

It is always open to the atmosphere

d)

It is not confined in any conduit

4.

What does the 'Energy Grade Line' represent in open channel flow?

a)

The line joining the elevations of the channel bottom

b)

The line joining the sum of elevation head, pressure head, and velocity head

c)

The line joining only the velocity head

d)

The line joining the pressure head only

5.

In the diagram, what does the 'Hydraulic Grade Line' indicate?

a)

The sum of elevation head and pressure head

b)

The sum of velocity head and pressure head

c)

The sum of elevation head and velocity head

d)

Only the elevation head

6.

The difference in elevation between the Energy Grade Line and the Hydraulic Grade Line at any section represents the _________.

a)

velocity head (v^2/2g)

b)

pressure head (p/γ)

c)

total head loss

d)

potential head

7.

Fill in the blank: Flow condition in open channel is complicated by the fact that the portion of the free surface is likely to change with respect to time and space and by the fact that the depth of flow, the discharge, and the slopes of the channel bottom and of the free surface are ____________.

a)

interdependent

b)

constant

c)

independent

d)

irrelevant

8.

Fill in the blank: Physical condition in open channel varies much more widely than that of ____________.

a)

pipes

b)

rivers

c)

lakes

d)

channels

9.

Which of the following shapes can the cross section in open channel take? (Choose all that apply)

a)

Rectangular

b)

Square

c)

Triangular

d)

Circular

e)

Irregular forms of natural streams

10.

In open channel, roughness varies with the position of the free surface, therefore, the selection of friction coefficient is attended by greater efficiency.

a)

True

b)

False

11.

The treatment of open channel is somewhat more empirical than that of pipe flow.

a)

True

b)

False

12.

Open channel flow depend on energy gradient.

a)

True

b)

False

13.

Fill in the blank: In pipes, the cross section of flow is ____, since it is completely defined by the geometry of the conduit.

a)

fixed

b)

variable

c)

irregular

d)

unknown

14.

Fill in the blank: The cross-section of a pipe is generally ____.

a)

round

b)

square

c)

triangular

d)

hexagonal

15.

Fill in the blank: Pipe flow depends on ____ gradient.

a)

hydraulic

b)

thermal

c)

magnetic

d)

optical

16.

What is Steady Flow in open channel flow?

a)

The depth of flow changes continuously during the time interval under consideration.

b)

The depth of flow does not change or can be assumed to be constant during the time interval under consideration.

c)

The discharge is not constant throughout the channel.

d)

The flow is always turbulent.

17.

For Steady Flow, the discharge is ______ throughout the reach of the channel under consideration.

a)

constant

b)

variable

c)

intermittent

d)

decreasing

18.

In Steady Flow, the flow is: Choose the correct option.

a)

Discontinuous

b)

Continuous

c)

Variable

d)

None of the above

19.

Fill in the blank: Unsteady flow occurs if the ______ changes with time.

a)

depth

b)

temperature

c)

velocity

d)

pressure

20.

The term Unsteady Flow is used to describe which of the following?

a)

Steady Varied Flow

b)

Unsteady Varied Flow

c)

Steady Uniform Flow

d)

Non-Varied Flow

21.

Refer to the diagram labeled 'Steady vs. Non-Steady Flow'. Which statement is true about steady flow?

a)

The current state is different from the future state

b)

The current state is the same as the future state

c)

The depth changes with time

d)

The flow is always turbulent

22.

What is Uniform Flow?

a)

If the depth of flow is the same at every section of the channel

b)

If the flow direction changes at every section

c)

If the flow is always turbulent

d)

If the channel is closed

23.

Fill in the blank: ________ is the fundamental type of flow in open channel hydraulics.

a)

Steady Uniform Flow

b)

Turbulent Flow

c)

Laminar Flow

d)

Critical Flow

24.

Refer to the diagram labeled 'Uniform vs. Non-Uniform Flow'. Which type of flow shows the same depth at every section of the channel?

a)

Uniform flow

b)

Non-uniform flow

c)

Turbulent flow

d)

Laminar flow

25.

Steady Uniform Flow refers to a type of flow where the depth of flow is the same at every section of the channel.

a)

True

b)

False

26.

Which of the following best describes Rapidly Varied Flow (RVF)?

a)

Flow in which depth changes gradually over a long distance

b)

Flow in which depth changes rapidly over a short distance

c)

Flow with constant depth and velocity

d)

Flow with no variation in channel bottom

27.

Match the following types of flow with their correct descriptions:

a)

Uniform Flow

1.

RVF

b)

Gradually Varied Flow

2.

GVF

c)

Rapidly Varied Flow

3.

UF

28.

In the diagram, the section labeled as 'uniform flow 1' represents a region where the depth and velocity of the liquid are ________.

a)

constant

b)

increasing

c)

decreasing

d)

variable

29.

In a gradually varied flow (GVF), the depth of flow changes gradually over a long distance.

a)

True

b)

False

30.

What is Varied/Non-uniform Flow? Fill in the blank: Varied/Non-uniform Flow is when the depth of flow _______ along the length of the channel.

a)

changes

b)

remains constant

c)

increases only

d)

decreases only

31.

Varied/Non-uniform Flow is also known as:

a)

Uniform Flow

b)

Spatially Varied or Discontinuous Flow

c)

Steady Flow

d)

Laminar Flow

32.

Which of the following is an example of Varied/Non-uniform Flow?

a)

Roadside gutters

b)

Main drainage channels

c)

Feeding channels in irrigation systems

d)

All of the above

33.

Fill in the blank: Manning’s Equation in a prismatic channel, where Q, v, y, A, P, B, S, and roughness are all constant, describes _________.

a)

Uniform flow

b)

Critical flow

c)

Laminar flow

d)

Steady non-uniform flow

34.

Fill in the blank: The Specific Energy Equation (Froude Number) is used to describe _________.

a)

Critical flow

b)

Laminar flow

c)

Turbulent flow

d)

Uniform flow

35.

Fill in the blank: Gradually varied flow (steady flow) and determination of floodplains are associated with _________

a)

Non-uniform flow

b)

Uniform flow

c)

Laminar flow

d)

Turbulent flow

36.

Fill in the blank: Flood waves are associated with ________ and Non-uniform flow.

a)

Unsteady

b)

Steady

c)

Laminar

d)

Turbulent

37.

What type of flow is described as water particles appearing to move in definite smooth paths or streamlines, with infinitesimally thin layers of fluid sliding over adjacent layers?

a)

Laminar

b)

Turbulent

c)

Transitional

38.

Which type of flow is characterized by viscous forces being weak relative to inertial forces, and water particles moving in irregular paths which are neither smooth nor fixed?

a)

Laminar

b)

Turbulent

c)

Transitional

39.

What is the term for the type of flow that is intermediate between laminar and turbulent flow?

a)

Transitional

b)

Steady

c)

Viscous

d)

Uniform

40.

Which type of flow is characterized by smooth, parallel layers of fluid?

a)

Turbulent

b)

Laminar

41.

The flow with irregular, swirling motion is called ________ flow.

a)

Turbulent

b)

Laminar

c)

Steady

d)

Uniform

42.

Which type of flow is more orderly?

a)

Turbulent

b)

Laminar

43.

In the formula for Reynolds Number (Re=VL/v), what does 'V' represent?

a)

Volume

b)

Velocity

c)

Viscosity

d)

Voltage

44.

For Laminar Flow, the Reynolds Number (R) is less than _____

a)

500

b)

1000

c)

2000

d)

2500

45.

Which of the following ranges of Reynolds Number (R) corresponds to Transitional Flow?

a)

R < 500

b)

R > 2,000

c)

500 < R < 2,000

d)

500 < R > 2,000

46.

What is the effect of gravity upon the state of flow represented by?

a)

Reynolds Number

b)

Froude Number

c)

Mach Number

d)

Weber Number

47.

Fill in the blank: The Froude Number (F) is given by the formula __, where V is the mean velocity, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and L is the characteristic length.

a)

F = V / sqrt(gL)

b)

F=V2gLF = \frac{V^2}{gL}

c)

F = sqrt(VgL)

d)

F = g / (VL)

48.

In the formula F = V / sqrt(gL), what does 'L' represent?

a)

characteristic length

b)

linear velocity

c)

load factor

d)

luminous intensity

49.

In open-channel flow, the characteristic length is equal to the hydraulic radius D, which is given by the formula D = A / b. What does 'A' represent in this formula?

a)

cross-sectional area

b)

wetted perimeter

c)

flow velocity

d)

channel slope

50.

In the formula D = A / b, what does 'b' represent?

a)

width of the free surface

b)

depth of the fluid

c)

density of the fluid

d)

velocity of the fluid

51.

If F = 1, what is the type of flow?

a)

Supercritical

b)

Subcritical

c)

Critical

d)

Laminar

52.

If F > 1, what is the type of flow?

a)

Supercritical

b)

Subcritical

c)

Critical

d)

Laminar

53.

If F < 1, what is the type of flow?

a)

Supercritical

b)

Subcritical

c)

Critical

d)

Laminar

54.

According to the information on 'Kinds of Open Channel', which of the following is a natural open channel?

a)

Navigation canal

b)

Stream

c)

Spillway

d)

Flume

55.

According to the information on 'Kinds of Open Channel', which of the following is an artificial open channel?

a)

Brook

b)

Underground stream

c)

Power canal

d)

Tidal estuary

56.

Fill in the blank: Natural open channels include all watercourses that exist _______ on the earth.

a)

naturally

b)

artificially

c)

temporarily

d)

underground

57.

Fill in the blank: Artificial open channels are those constructed or developed by _______.

a)

human

b)

animals

c)

nature

d)

machines

58.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a natural open channel?

a)

Rivulet

b)

Drainage ditch

c)

Small river

d)

Brook

59.

Which of the following is NOT an example of an artificial open channel?

a)

Flume

b)

Floodway

c)

Tidal estuary

d)

Spillway

60.

A canal is usually a long and mild-sloped channel built in the ground which may be ______ or unlined.

a)

lined

b)

painted

c)

covered

d)

sealed

61.

Which of the following materials can be used for lining canals?

a)

Stone masonry

b)

Concrete

c)

Wood

d)

All of the above

62.

Look at the images provided. What do all these images have in common?

a)

They all show objects that are round in shape.

b)

They all show objects that are made of metal.

c)

They all show objects that are used for cooking.

d)

They all show objects that are found in nature.

63.

Which canal is shown on the left map?

a)

Suez Canal

b)

Panama Canal

64.

What is a flume?

a)

A flume is a channel made of wood, metal, or concrete supported above the surface of the ground to carry water across a depression.

b)

A flume is a type of pump used to extract water from underground sources.

c)

A flume is a device used to measure air pressure in weather stations, which can also be used for music and an orchestra for a band or music festivities.

d)

A flume is a container used for storing rainwater.

65.

The images show a metal structure. What is the likely purpose of this structure?

a)

To support a bridge

b)

To store water

c)

To generate electricity

d)

To provide shade

66.

What is a chute?

a)

A channel having a moderate to steep slope

b)

A flat channel

c)

A channel with no slope

d)

A channel with a very gentle slope

67.

What is a 'Drop' in the context of water management structures?

a)

A structure that allows water to flow uphill

b)

A structure similar to a chute, but the change in elevation is effected in a short distance

c)

A structure that stores water for long periods

d)

A structure that filters water

68.

What is a culvert?

a)

A bridge for vehicles

b)

A covered channel of comparatively short length installed to drain water through a highway and railroad embankments

c)

A tunnel for trains

d)

An open ditch for water

69.

What is an Open-Channel Tunnel?

a)

A short open channel used to carry air

b)

A comparatively long covered channel used to carry water through a hill or any obstruction on the ground

c)

A tunnel for cars only

d)

A bridge over a river that carries river water to the ocean, to the Pacific Ocean, or Antarctic Ocean

70.

\An Open-Channel Tunnel is a comparatively long covered channel used to carry ______ through a hill or any obstruction on the ground.

a)

water

b)

electricity

c)

vehicles

d)

air

71.

A ________ is a channel built with uniform cross-section and constant bottom slope.

a)

Prismatic Channel

b)

Meandering Channel

c)

Compound Channel

d)

Natural Channel

72.

Which type of channel is built with uniform cross-section and constant bottom slope?

a)

Prismatic Channel

b)

Non-Prismatic Channel

73.

Which of the following is a characteristic of a uniform flow?

a)

The depth, water area, velocity, and discharge at every section of the channel reach are constant

b)

The energy line, water surface, and channel bottom are all parallel, that is, their slopes are equal

c)

The velocity changes at every section of the channel

d)

The channel bottom is not parallel to the water surface

74.

In a uniform flow, the energy grade line, water surface, and channel bottom are all ________ to each other, meaning their slopes are equal.

a)

parallel

b)

perpendicular

c)

curved

d)

intersecting

75.

Uniform flow is considered to be ______, since unsteady uniform flow is practically non-existent. Even in natural streams where steady flow is rare and it scarcely experiences a uniform flow condition, it is assumed to be a uniform flow to offer a relatively simple and satisfactory solution to many practical problems.

a)

steady

b)

turbulent

c)

laminar

d)

transient

76.

Uniform flow cannot occur at very high velocities or rapid flow. This is because, when uniform flow reaches a certain high velocity, it becomes very ______. At higher velocities, the flow will eventually entrain air and become unsteady.

a)

unstable

b)

laminar

c)

smooth

d)

predictable

77.

The depth and slope corresponding to a uniform flow discharge in any channel is called ______ and ______.

a)

normal depth and normal slope

b)

critical depth and critical slope

c)

specific depth and specific slope

d)

maximum depth and minimum slope

78.

What is the value of C_m in English units according to Manning's Formula?

a)

1.49

b)

0.85

c)

2.00

d)

1.00

79.

What is the value of C_m in Metric units according to Manning's Formula?

a)

1.0

b)

0.85

c)

1.5

d)

0.75

80.

In Manning's Formula, what does R represent?

a)

A/P (hydraulic radius)

b)

Reynolds number

c)

Radius of curvature

d)

Resistance factor

81.

In Manning's Formula, what does S represent?

a)

slope

b)

surface area

c)

speed

d)

solubility

82.

In Manning's Formula, what does n represent?

a)

Manning’s roughness coefficient

b)

Channel slope

c)

Hydraulic radius

d)

Flow velocity

83.

Which of the following is the correct form of Manning's Formula for open channel flow?

a)

V=Cm/nR(2/3)S(1/2)V = Cm/n R^{(2/3)} S^{(1/2)}

b)

V = Cm∗nR(2/3)S(1/2)Cm*n R^{(2/3)} S^{(1/2)}

c)

V=Cm/nR(1/2)S(2/3)V = Cm/n R^{(1/2)} S^{(2/3)}

d)

V = Cm∗nR(1/2)S(2/3)Cm*n R^{(1/2)} S^{(2/3)}

84.

Which of the following is a formula for computing discharge (Q) in open channels?

a)

Q = AV

b)

Q=A(1.49/n)R(2/3)S(1/2)Q = A(1.49/n)R^{(2/3)}S^{(1/2)}

c)

A(1/n)R2/3S1/2A(1/n)R^{2/3}S^{1/2}

d)

All of the above

85.

It is represented by the size and shape of the grains of the

material forming the wetted perimeter and producing a retarding

effect on the flow.

a)
Material density and viscosity
b)
Flow velocity and direction
c)

Surface Roughness

d)
Grain size and shape
86.

It is, in itself, a kind of surface roughness but also markedly

reduces the capacity of the channel and retards the flow. This

effect depends mainly on height, density, distribution, and type

of vegetation.

It is very important in designing small drainage channels

a)

Water temperature

b)

Channel width

c)

Soil composition

d)

Vegetation

87.

comprises irregularities in wetted perimeter

and variations in cross section, size, and shape along the channel

length.

a)

Irregularities in wetted perimeter

b)

Variations in flow rate and temperature

c)

Channel Irregularity

d)

Consistent wetted perimeter

88.

The presence of log jams, bridge piers, and the like tends to

increase n. The amount of increase depends on the nature of their size, shape, number, and distribution.

a)

obstruction

b)
reduce sediment transport
c)

Alignment

d)

Silting and Scouring

89.

These are lined and built-up channels which can withstand

erosion satisfactorily. Lining material maybe stone masonry, steel, cast iron, timber, glass,

and plastic.

a)

Non-Erodible Channel

b)

Erodible Channel

c)

Unlined channel

d)

Temporary Channel

90.

which of the ff. are design factors for non-erodible channels:

a)

Minimum Permissible Velocity or the Non-Silting Velocity

b)

Channel Slope and Side Slope

c)

Freeboard

d)

Maximum Permissible Velocity Method

91.

The ff. are design methods for erodible channels, except:

a)

Maximum Permissible Velocity Method

b)

Tractive Force Metho

c)

Channel Slope and Side Slope

d)

Grassed Channels

92.

It is the velocity that will not start sedimentation and will not

induce the growth of aquatic plants and moss

a)
Threshold velocity
b)

Minimum Permissible Velocity or the Non-Silting Velocity

c)

Channel Slope and Side Slope

d)

Freeboard

93.

It is the vertical distance from the top of the channel to the

water surface at the design condition. This is provided to

prevent waves or fluctuations in water surface from overflowing

the sides.

a)

freeboard

b)
draft height
c)
channel depth
d)
water level
94.

Freeboard used in the design vary from ___ to ___ of the depth

of flow.

a)

5%-30%

b)

10%-20%

c)

8%-10%

d)

15%-25%

95.

Freeboard in an unlined canal or lateral is normally governed by

the following considerations:

a)

size and location

b)

availability of excavated material

c)

storm-water inflow

d)

operating road requirements

e)

pull of water on the wetted area

96.

is the greatest mean

velocity that will not cause erosion of the channel body

a)

Maximum permissible flow rate

b)
Average velocity
c)
Turbulent velocity
d)

Maximum Permissible Velocity Method

97.

is the pull of water on the wetted area

a)
Atmospheric pressure on the surface
b)

Tractive Force

c)
Capillary action in soil
d)
Vapor pressure in the air
98.

Manning coefficient of roughness for grassed channels is

specifically known as ______.

a)
Chezy's constant
b)
Darcy's coefficient
c)
Coulomb's friction
d)

Retardance Coefficient

99.

Which is not a characteristic of critical flow?

a)

The specific energy is minimum for a given discharge.

b)

The discharge is maximum for a given specific energy.

c)

The specific force is a minimum for a given discharge.

d)

The velocity head is equal to half of the hydraulic depth in a

channel of small slope.

e)

The specific force is a maximum for a given discharge.

100.

The slope of the channel that sustains a given

discharge at a uniform and critical depth is called the _____.

a)
normal slope
b)
critical slope
c)
variable slope
d)
average slope
101.

_____ is the depth, at which, for a given total head,

the discharge is a maximum or, conversely, the depth at which a

given flow occurs with a minimum content of energy.

a)
Critical depth
b)
Supercritical depth
c)
Subcritical depth
d)
Normal depth
102.

_____ is the vertical distance of the lowest

point of a channel section from the free surface

a)
Length
b)
Width
c)
Area
d)
Depth
103.

elevation or vertical distance of the free surface above a datum

a)
Altitude
b)
Height
c)
Depth
d)
Stage
104.

If the datum is the lowest point of the channel section, the

stage is

a)
the same as the channel width
b)
the height of the channel banks
c)

equal to the depth of flow

d)
lower than the water surface elevation
105.

______ is the width of channel section at the free surface

a)
Side slope width
b)
Bottom width
c)
Channel depth
d)
Top width
106.

______ is the cross-sectional area of the flow normal

to the direction of flow

a)

Water area

b)
Velocity profile
c)
Flow rate
d)
Pressure gradient
107.

The length of the line of intersection of the

channel wetted surface with a cross-sectional plane normal to the

direction of flow.

a)
The total area of the cross-section.
b)
The height of the channel at the cross-section.
c)
The width of the channel at the cross-section.
d)
The length of the wetted perimeter at the cross-section.
108.

The ratio of water area to its wetted perimeter.

a)
Wetted Perimeter to Water Area Ratio
b)
Water Depth to Area Ratio
c)
Water Volume to Surface Area Ratio
d)

Water Area to Wetted Perimeter Ratio (Hydraulic Ratio)

109.

It is the channel section having the least wetted

perimeter for a given area and maximum conveyance. It applies only

to the design of non-erodible channels.

a)
Elliptical channel section
b)
Triangular channel section
c)
Rectangular channel section
d)

Best Hydraulic Section

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