Which of the following is NOT a variety of macromolecule?

Fill in the blank: ______, DNA, and RNA are varieties of macromolecules.

Complexes such as protein-protein and protein-DNA/RNA are considered as varieties of ______.

Lipids, peptides, sugars, etc are categorized as ______ macromolecules.

Our discussion is more focused on ______ molecules.

Deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA, consists of two long polymers of simple units called nucleotides. Which of the following is NOT a nucleotide found in DNA?

Which nucleotide is present in RNA but not in DNA?

Fill in the blank: The sequence of four bases along the backbone encodes information, or the genetic code. The four bases in DNA are Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine, and _______.

RNA has the same nucleotides as DNA except that Thymine is replaced by Uracil.

What is the genetic code?

Each codon consists of ______ nucleotides.

Each codon in mRNA usually represents a single ______.

Refer to the diagram of RNA. How many nucleotides are present in one codon?

What are proteins composed of?

The sequence of amino acids in a protein is defined by the sequence of a ________, which is encoded in the genetic code.

Proteins are the molecular building block of life.

Protein molecules are ________-dimensional.

What is the central atom in the structure?

Refer to the diagram of the General Amino Acid Structure at pH 7.0. Which group is present on the left side of the central carbon?

Refer to the diagram of the General Amino Acid Structure at pH 7.0. The group labeled 'COO-' is known as the ________ group.

What does the 'R' group represent in the structure?

Which statement is true about L- and D- amino acids?

Which of the following amino acids is hydrophobic?

Fill in the blank: The one-letter abbreviation for Phenylalanine is ___

Which amino acid has the one-letter abbreviation 'L'?

Hydrophobic amino acids tend to avoid water and associate with each other to minimize their contact with water or polar side chains.

Which of the following amino acids is represented by the abbreviation 'Arg'?

Fill in the blank: The abbreviation for Glutamine is _____

What does it mean for an amino acid to be amphipathic?

Which of the following amino acids is amphipathic? (Refer to the diagram showing the structures of Lysine, Tyrosine, Methionine, and Tryptophan.)

Fill in the blank: The one-letter code for Tyrosine is ___

Fill in the blank: The three-letter abbreviation for Methionine is ___

Fill in the blank: The amino acid represented by the one-letter code W is ___.

In the peptide chain diagram, what type of bond connects the carbon of one amino acid to the nitrogen of the next amino acid?

Which of the following statements is true?

Double bond disallows rotation.

What does the torsion angle (dihedral angle) measure in a molecule? Fill in the blank: The torsion angle (dihedral angle) measures the orientation of ______ linked atoms in a molecule.

Refer to the diagram titled 'Backbone Torsion Angles of a protein'. Which torsion angle is represented by the symbol φ (phi)?

The torsion angle ψ (psi) is associated with which bond?

Refer to the diagram titled 'Backbone Torsion Angles of a protein'. The torsion angle ω (omega) is associated with the bond between _______.

What is the atomic connection for the phi (ϕ) angle in a peptide?

What is the atomic connection for the omega (ω) angle in a peptide?

What is the dihedral angle ω in proteins?

Which backbone torsion angles are flexible and allow rotation?

Fill in the blank: The rotation of φ and ψ angles in a given amino acid residue is limited due to ________ hindrance.

Refer to the diagram. Which angles in the polypeptide backbone are labeled as φ and ψ?

The Omega angle in a protein backbone is typically fixed and does not rotate freely like PHI and PSI.