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WorksheetsStats exam 1 review
Total questions: 54
Worksheet time: 28mins
What is a correlational design?
design in which researchers study a group over a long period of time
design in which researchers are interested in how specific variables relate to one another
design in which researchers are interested in if one variable causes another
a research design
what is a positive correlation
as one variable increases so does the other as one variable decreases so does the other
it means there is a strong relationship
the correlation is good
as one variable increases the other decreases
what is a negative correlation
there is no relationship
as one variable increases the other decreases
as one variable decreases the other decreases
there is a bad correlation
what is directionality
when someone doesn’t know the difference between north and south
inability to be certain if there is a relationship
when there is a variable unaccounted for
inability to be certain which variable comes first (which variable causes the other)
what is the 3rd variable problem
when there is a variable unaccounted for by the researcher
when the researcher doesn’t know if the relationship is positive or negative
when the researcher doesn’t know which variable changes the other
when there’s more than one variable being studied
what is a quasi-experimental design
a design that resembles a true experiment design but uses naturally occurring groups/categories
a design in which researchers are interested in how variables relate to one another
a design that utilizes random selection and random assignment
a design in which researchers are interested in variables
can a quasi-experimental design infer causation
yes
no
sometimes, but most of the time
sometimes, but not usually
which of the following is a nominal variable
gender
height
weight
time
what is an ordinal variable
a variable in which the key value is the order or rank
a qualitative variable
a variable with no zero point
an actual real-world variable that can be measured and have an absolute zero point
which of the following is an interval variable
rate your happiness on a scale of 1-10
percentages
time
eye color
which of the following is a ratio variable
height
eye color
gender
shoe size
What is the purpose of a statistic
to provide a highly descriptive story with more objectivity
test our beliefs and/or sources of knowledge, and provides the chances of it occurring in real life
Standardize evaluations (e.g., comparing apples to apples instead of apples
to oranges)
prediction
which concept involves the systematic use of evidence from the senses
empiricism
rationalism
emotional reasoning
supernatural conclusions
what is the definition of science
the systematic
study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through
observation and experimentation
Science is about proving people right or wrong
science is guessing
studying how the world works by watching things happen and testing ideas
which is not a source of knowledge
superstition
intuition
theory
authority
which source of knowledge is gained through logical reasoning
authority
rationalism
tenacity
empiricism
What type of definition is this: happiness will be measured using a survey in which participants rate their happiness on a 1-5 scale
conceptual
operational
which is an example of a qualitative research design
correlational research
free-response interviews
experimental design
which of the following is a pro of interval data
it has a true zero point
it allows for meaningful ratios between values
it quantifies abstract concepts and relative distances
it is easy to understand conceptually
does correlation equal causation
yes
no
what type of definition is this: happiness is feeling or showing pleasure or contentment
conceptual
operational
what is the basis for scientific conclusions
repeated evidence
single observations
personal opinions
anecdotal evidence
which of the following is a con of ordinal data
the intervals between categories or values are meaningless
it lacks a true zero point
it cannot differentiate between categories
it cannot be used in certain statistical analysis
what is validity
A measure of the truthfulness of a measuring instrument. It indicates
whether the instrument measures what it claims to measure
An indication of the consistency and stability of a measuring
instrument
which source of knowledge involves repeated or stubborn ideas despite evidence of the contrary
authority
rationalism
empiricism
tenacity
what is reliability
an indication of the consistency and stability of a measuring instrument
A measure of the truthfulness of a measuring instrument It indicates
whether the instrument measures what it claims to measure
what is a frequency distribution
An organized way to see the frequency of all
values of a variable in a dataset (count how often different values of a variable occur)
A chart showing the relationship between two variables
A graph that compares means across different groups
A list of all possible outcomes in a probability experiment
What is the median
the most frequently occurring variable
the average of all the values
the middle value when data is ordered
the difference between the highest and lowest values
what is the mode
the average of all values
the middle value when data is ordered
the value that occurs most frequently
the range between the highest and lowest variable
what is the mean
the average of all values
the middle value when data is ordered
the most frequently occurring value
the range between the highest and lowest value
what is the standard deviation measure in a dataset
the total number of data points
the difference between the highest and lowest values
the average value of the dataset
how far observations tend to vary
from the mean
what is central tendency
A statistical measure of which a single score “defines”
the center of a given distribution
the variability of scores in a dataset
the average distance of each score from the mean
the total number of values in a dataset
what is an outlier
a value that occurs most frequently
observations or values that are super extreme
the middle value when data is ordered
the average of all the values
what is a normal distribution
a distribution where all values are equally likely
A distribution of data in which the mean, median,
and mode are all equal; mainly represented using graphs
a "bell-curve"
a distribution skewed to the right with a long tail
What does it mean when a distribution is positively skewed?
The data is evenly distributed around the mean
When the negative tail is longer. Outliers are mostly on the negative end (left). Mean is to the left of the highest frequency of scores.
The mean, median, and mode are all equal
When the positive tail is longer. outliers are mostly on the positive (right) end. Mean is to the right of the highest frequency of scores.
What does it mean when a distribution is negatively skewed?
What is kurtosis
The degree of sharpness of the distribution (i.e., “peak” or
“flatness” of the distribution)
what is variability
A quantitative distance measure based on the
differences between scores
the average of all data points in a dataset.
what are the steps to calculating standard deviation
what is the equation for variance
Σ (xi + μ)² / N
Σ (xi - μ)²
S^2 = Σ(𝑿−𝑴)^𝟐/𝒏−𝟏 = 𝑺𝑺/𝒏−𝟏
Σ (xi - μ) / N
what is a z-score
a standardized score
The number of standard deviation units that a score is above or
below the mean of its own distribution
what is the equation for z-scores
M - X/SD
X - M/SD
X - M/Variance
what is a percentile rank
Percent of scores that are at or below a given score in a
distribution/dataset (i.e., percentage of scores that are the same or lower
than that score)
what does a sample refer to
what does generalizability refer to
The ability to apply research findings to broader contexts/populations.
When conducting a study, a sample must be representative of the target population because why?
what is simple random sampling
what is systematic sampling
Systematic sampling is a method of selecting samples at regular intervals from a population. (chose every nth person)
what is cluster/multi-stage sampling
what is stratified random sampling
what are the major types of non-representative sampling?
what is the central limit theorem
Theory stating that large samples of
data (or as they get larger), they resemble a perfect normal
distribution
what is standard error of the mean
when using confidence intervals what value do we not want to see in our range of possible values?
0
1
-1
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