Frequency of vocal fold vibration; too high or low may signal disorder.

Loudness of speech; too soft or loud may signal disorder.

Length of vocal tract; too short or long may signal disorder.

Shape of the mouth; too wide or narrow may signal disorder.

Subglottal air pressure; can be too soft or excessively loud.

Vocal fold length; can be too short or excessively long.

Tongue position; can be too high or excessively low.

Nasal resonance; can be too open or excessively closed.

Excessive muscular effort during phonation—tight, pressed sound.

A disorder characterized by complete loss of voice.

A condition where the vocal cords are paralyzed.

A voice disorder caused by viral infection.

Weak, breathy voice from reduced vocal fold closure or muscle activity.

A voice disorder characterized by excessive loudness and tension.

A condition where the vocal folds are paralyzed and cannot move at all.

A disorder causing involuntary spasms of the vocal folds resulting in a strained voice.

Yelling, throat clearing, smoking, dehydration, and poor breath support.

Drinking plenty of water, speaking softly, and resting your voice.

Eating fruits and vegetables, regular exercise, and deep breathing.

Using a humidifier, practicing good posture, and avoiding allergens.

Stay hydrated, avoid shouting, rest the voice, manage reflux, and use amplification when needed.

Speak loudly at all times, drink caffeinated beverages, and ignore throat discomfort.

Whisper frequently, clear your throat often, and avoid drinking water.

Eat spicy foods before speaking, smoke regularly, and use your voice when sick.

Functional, Neurologic, and Organic.

Acoustic, Structural, and Behavioral.

Vocal, Respiratory, and Laryngeal.

Physical, Emotional, and Cognitive.

Result from misuse or overuse (e.g., nodules, polyps).

Caused by structural abnormalities of the vocal cords.

Always result from neurological damage.

Are exclusively genetic in origin.

Caused by nervous-system damage (e.g., Parkinson’s, spasmodic dysphonia).

Caused by excessive use of the vocal cords (e.g., nodules, polyps).

Caused by bacterial infections of the throat.

Caused by dehydration and lack of vocal rest.

Structural or medical conditions (e.g., carcinoma, papillomas).

Psychological conditions affecting speech only.

Temporary hoarseness from shouting.

Disorders caused by language development delays.

Bilateral, callous-like growths from vocal abuse; cause hoarseness.

A type of vocal fold paralysis causing breathy voice.

A viral infection of the vocal cords causing swelling.

A congenital malformation of the larynx.

Fluid-filled, unilateral lesions often from a single vocal trauma.

Bilateral nodules caused by chronic vocal abuse.

Cancerous growths on the vocal cords.

Congenital malformations of the larynx.

Inflammation from infection, overuse, or irritation.

A type of lung cancer.

A genetic disorder affecting the liver.

A bacterial infection of the skin.

Hypoadduction → soft, breathy voice with reduced loudness and monotone pitch.

Hyperadduction → strained, harsh voice with increased loudness.

Spasmodic dysphonia → intermittent voice breaks and strangled quality.

Vocal fold paralysis → complete loss of voice.

Involuntary vocal fold spasms causing strained or strangled speech.

A condition where the vocal folds are paralyzed and cannot move.

A psychological disorder affecting speech patterns.

A viral infection that causes hoarseness and loss of voice.

Hypo = folds don’t close fully; Hyper = excessive closure/pressure.

Hypo = excessive closure/pressure; Hyper = folds don’t close fully.

Hypo = normal closure; Hyper = no closure at all.

Hypo = folds vibrate more; Hyper = folds vibrate less.

Wart-like growths from HPV that can block the airway or affect vibration.

Benign tumors of the thyroid gland.

Fluid-filled sacs in the vocal cords.

Bacterial infections causing sore throat.

Malignant tumor of the larynx, often linked to smoking and alcohol.

Benign growth in the nasal cavity.

Inflammation of the tonsils.

Viral infection of the throat.

An otolaryngologist (ENT).

A dermatologist.

A cardiologist.

A dentist.

Visualization tools for examining vocal folds; stroboscopy uses a flashing light to view vibration.

Medications used to treat vocal fold disorders.

Surgical procedures for removing vocal nodules.

Therapies for improving vocal resonance.

Clinician-rated perceptual evaluation of voice quality, pitch, and loudness.

Assessment of respiratory function during speech.

Measurement of hearing sensitivity across frequencies.

Evaluation of language comprehension skills.

Education and environmental changes (vocal hygiene).

Surgical intervention for vocal fold lesions.

Direct manipulation of vocal fold movement.

Use of medication to treat vocal disorders.

Hygienic, Physiologic, and Symptomatic voice therapy methods.

Cognitive, Behavioral, and Emotional therapy methods.

Surgical, Pharmacological, and Radiological interventions.

Nutritional, Physical, and Occupational therapy methods.

Surgical removal of the larynx (often due to cancer).

Surgical removal of the lungs.

Surgical removal of the tongue.

Surgical removal of the esophagus.

Electrolarynx, esophageal speech, and tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP) speech.

Whispering, sign language, and lip reading.

Cochlear implant, hearing aid, and sign language.

Direct tracheal speech, nasal speech, and pharyngeal speech.

Pitch, resonance, intonation, and communication style.

Only breathing exercises.

Singing techniques exclusively.

Physical appearance changes.