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WorksheetsHPL 101-200
Total questions: 91
Worksheet time: 46mins
Why is hypoxia especially dangerous for pilots flying solo?
Only a solo pilot is more prone to illusions.
In a multi-crew cockpit hypoxia will always be detectable.
Hypoxia improves night vision therefore the pilot will have no indication of danger.
Since the first signs of hypoxia are generally hard to detect.
The small sacs located in the vestibule are:
chalk-like crystals called otoliths.
sacs with sensory hairs.
crystals in the semicular canals.
sacs with sensory hairs and crystals in the semicular canals.
The normal arterial blood-pressure of a healthy adult is (systolic/diastolic):
80/20 mmHg
120/80 mmHg
180/120 mmHg
220/180 mmHg
Caffeine may cause an increase in cardiac rate, restlessness/nervousness, insomnia, anxiety and intestinal irritability. Excessive consumption is considered to be in excess of:
40 - 65 mg/day.
3 mg/day.
250 mg/day.
150 mg/day.
Among the symptoms of hypoglycaemia are:
difficulty in focusing on near-by objects.
double vision and puffiness around the eyes.
severe eye and head aches.
headache and lack of concentration.
Galactic radiation is:
steady and reasonably predictable.
unsteady and reasonably predictable .
steady but unpredictable.
unsteady and unpredictable .
When is your body temperature at its lowest?
In the afternoon.
Late in the evening.
Around 9 AM.
Early in the morning.
Astigmatism is normally caused by:
a lack of accommodation.
a lack of vitamin A.
a lack of empty field.
a mis-shaped cornea.
The part of blood without cell is called:
serum
water
plasma
lymph
The time an eye needs to adapt fully to the dark is about:
10 minutes
5 minutes
25 - 30 minutes
10 seconds
The impression of an apparent movement of light when stared at for a relatively long period of time in the dark is called:
oculogravic illusion.
white out.
oculogyral illusion.
autokinesis.
The pressoreceptors are located in:
the lungs.
the intestines.
the heart.
the carotid and aortic arterial vessels.
In order to completely resynchronise with local time after zone crossing, circadian rhythms require:
less time when flying from east to west.
more time when flying from east to west.
about one day per 2.5 hours of time shift.
about one week per 2.5 hours of time shift.
Concerning flying and blood alcohol content the following statement is correct:
No flying under the influence of alcohol.
Flying with up to 0.05% blood alcohol.
Flying with up to 0.15% blood alcohol.
Flying with up to 0.08% blood alcohol is safe, since driving is safe up to this limit.
In the absence of external reference points, the sensation that the vehicle in which you are sitting is moving when it is in fact the vehicle directly alongside which is moving is called:
somato-gravic illusion.
illusion of relative movement.
autokinetic illusion.
cognitive illusion.
The ability of the human eye to read alphanumeric information (piercing vision):
is limited to daytime using the rod cells.
is limited to the foveal area of the retina.
is almost equally shared by the entire retina.
is governed by peripheral vision over an area of approximately 20 degrees of angle .
We can observe the following in relation to a state of hypothermia:
Widespread pain in the joints.
A substantial increase in internal body temperature whereas peripheral temperature at the skin is stable.
Reasoning problems as soon as body temperature falls below 37°C.
Greater capacity for adaptation than in a hot atmosphere.
What is the purpose of respiration?
Intake of N2, which the living cells need for the metabolic process.
Intake of O2, which the living cells need for the metabolic process.
Intake of CO2, which the living cells need for the metabolic process.
Intake of NO2, which the living cells need for the metabolic process.
Healthy people are usually capable to compensate for a lack of oxygen up to:
15 000 feet.
10 000 - 12 000 feet.
20 000 feet.
25 000 feet.
Hyperventilation causes:
acidosis.
an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood.
hypochondria.
a lack of carbon dioxide in the blood.
For what reason is it important to be familiar with the circadian rhythm of body temperature?
Peak performance occurs when body temperature remains constant.
Peak performance occurs at the time of rising or high body temperature.
Sleep usually occurs at times of rising or high body temperature.
Falling asleep is easiest when body temperature is stable.
Vertigo is the result of:
oculogyral illusion.
autokinetic illusion.
elevator illusion.
Coriolis effect.
Which is the procedure to be followed when symptoms of decompression sickness occur?
Only the prompt supply of oxygen is necessary.
Descend to the lowest possible level and land as soon as possible.
Only medical treatment is of use.
Descend to the lowest possible level and wait for the symptoms to disappear before climbing again.
At rest the cardiac output (the quantity of blood the heart pumps in one minute) of an adult is approximately:
450 ml/min
5 liters/min
45 liters/min
75 liters/min
The ability of the lens to change its shape is called:
adaptation.
accommodation.
binocular vision.
depth perception.
Decompression sickness can be prevented by: 1) avoiding cabin altitudes above 18 000 ft. 2) maintaining cabin pressure below 8 000 ft when flying at high altitudes. 3) performing physical exercises before and during the flight. 4) breathing 100% oxygen for 30 min prior and during the flight.
1, 2 and 4 are correct.
1, 2 and 3 are correct.
2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false.
Only 3 is correct.
What diseases can be associated with contaminated water?
Hydrophobia, cholera, dysentery.
Tetanus, typhoid, cholera.
Tetanus, typhoid, cholera, dysentery.
Typhoid, cholera, dysentery.
Select the food / beverage items which typically contain caffeine: 1)Coca Cola. 2)Tea. 3) Carrot. 4) Chocolate
1, 2, 3
2, 3, 4
1, 3, 4
1, 2, 4
Even at normal cabin altitudes (i.e. around 8 000 ft) you can get severe abdominal pain and flatulence after eating gas forming foods or fizzy drinks. The correct counter-measure is:
climb to a higher altitude.
descend to a lower altitude.
perform 'Valsalva manoeuvre'.
use supplemental oxygen.
Which of the following routes will cause the worst jet lag?
Flight from Copenhagen to Cape Town.
Flight from Oslo to Tokyo.
Flight from London to Los Angeles.
Flight from Lisbon to Tallinn.
A 'Graveyard spin' is:
a spin manoeuvre that should only be performed by well trained pilots.
a fatal accident caused by a state of spinning the fluid in the brain.
a spin in which the pilot, on recovery, tends to re-enter the spin due to the somatogyral illusion where the vestibular system no longer senses radial acceleration.
an illusion caused by misperception of being higher than you really are when performing a spin. Thus the recovery tends to be dangerously low.
If warned of an imminent thunderstorm:
no specific action is advised with regards to the adjustment of the brightness of cockpit lights.
cockpit lights should be dimmed.
cockpit lights should be turned off.
cockpit lights should be turned up.
During paradoxical sleep:
the tone of the muscles is similar to that in the waking state.
rapid eye movements can be observed.
respiration is very regular.
the rhythm of the heart is very regular.
When the optical image forms in front of the retina, we are talking about:
myopia.
hypermetropia.
presbyopia.
astigmatism.
One of the waste products of the metabolic process in the cell is:
fat
protein
sugar
water
Stress can be defined as:
the unresolved pressure, strain or force acting upon an individual's physical or mental systems and the human response.
a low level of pressure acting on the individual's mental system which inhibits completion of even the simplest tasks.
a feeling of well-being enabling difficult tasks to be completed more easily.
a physical limit acting upon the individual's physical systems inhibiting completion of any task.
How can a pilot avoid automation complacency?
Always fly the whole flight manually to remain in man-machine loop.
Nothing, because it is system-inherent.
Regard the automatic system as additional crew members that needs to be cross-checked as well.
Always try to enhance your aviation related knowledge during low workload periods
The lowest level of Maslow's model of the hierarchy of human needs is:
safety and security needs.
self-esteem needs.
belonging and affection needs.
physiological needs.
Physical stress takes place when:
the perceived demand is greater than the perceived ability.
the brain can no longer cope due to either quantitative or qualitative overload.
outside conditions put a strain upon the homeostatic mechanisms of the body.
overload of the neurones in the nervous system.
The use of checklists must be carried out in such a way that:
their execution is not lumped together with important tasks.
it may be rejected since redundancy in the following checklist will serve as verification.
their execution must not be done simultaneously with other actions.
their execution may be done simultaneously with other actions.
What are the effects of stress?
It increases vigilance, but may focus attention inappropriately.
It reduces vigilance and focuses attention.
It activates resources stored in memory.
It has very little immediate effect on vigilance and attention.
A selective attentional mechanism is required:
because of the limitations of the sense organs.
because of limitations in our store of motor programs.
because of the limited capacity of the central decision maker and working memory.
because the capacity of the long term memory is limited.
What are the main advantages of the human over the machine?
Creativity, innovation, and aptitude to deal with novel situations.
Logic and the use of human senses.
Ability to recognize limits on systems being exceeded quicker than a machine and resolve the situation.
Ability to recognize system failures and rectify them quicker than a machine.
Which of the following abilities will not improve efficient decision making in the cockpit?
Communicational skills and social competence.
Ability to persuade others to follow your own point of view.
Ability to search for and examine all available information regarding a situation.
Ability to think ahead and specify alternative courses of action.
Which of the following statements concerning hypovigilance is correct? Hypovigilance:
tends to occur at the end of the mission as a result of a relaxation in the operators attention.
only affects certain personality types.
may occur at any moment of the flight.
essentially occurs several minutes after the intense take-off phase.
A pilot successfully completes a difficult and stressful landing at an aerodrome. The next time a landing is attempted under the same conditions and at the same aerodrome, the pilot is likely to experience:
a lower level of stress.
a higher level of stress.
the same stress level as the first landing.
the pilot should only attempt a landing at the same aerodrome if the conditions are improved.
The choice of words and their packaging become more important in the cockpit of an aircraft because of:
loss of hypertext.
loss of body language.
loss of situational awareness.
loss of perception.
The relevance of check procedures during flight becomes even more important when:
conducting a longer flight than you would normally perform.
flying an aircraft which you have flown recently.
flying an unfamiliar type of aircraft and experiencing mental pressure.
flying an aircraft which you have flown many times before.
Before take-off, a briefing:
is not necessary when departing from home base because this is routine.
must be done systematically in order to refresh the memory of the crew members and to co-ordinate actions.
is not required unless both crew members agree it is essential.
is not necessary if the crew members know each other.
Which of the following statements fits best the concept of latent error? Latent errors:
are mainly associated with the behaviour of front-line operators and are only detected after advanced problem-solving.
rapidly may be detected via their immediate consequences on the action in progress.
have been present in the system for a certain length of time and are difficult to understand as a result of the time lag between the generation and the occurrence of the error.
are rarely made by front-line operators and are consequently readily identified and detected by the monitoring, detection and warning links.
Among the physiological responses to stress are:
increased heart rate, apprehension and sweating.
dry mouth, anxiety and sweating.
sweating, dry mouth and breathing difficulties.
anxiety, fatigue and fear.
How can the process of learning be enhanced?
By increasing the psychological pressure on the student.
By reinforcing successful performance.
By punishing the learner for unsuccessful trials.
By reinforcing errors.
In order to make communication effective, it is necessary to: 1) avoid the synchronization of verbal and non-verbal channels. 2) send information in line with the receivers decoding abilities. 3) always concentrate on the informational aspects of the message only. 4) avoid increasing the number of communication channels, in order to simplify communication. The correct statement(s) is (are):
1, 2, 3
3, 4
2, 4
2
Which of the following statements with regard to motivation is correct?
Motivation will reduce risk.
Too much motivation may result in hypovigilance and thus in a decrease in attention.
Excessive motivation in combination with high levels of stress will limit attention management capabilities.
Low motivation will guarantee adequate attention management capabilities.
'Stereotypes' are preconceptions or prejudices which can lead us to:
develop better teamwork by standardizing procedures.
mis-judge individuals even if we have contact with them.
communicate non-verbally with a stranger.
act in the same manner in all situations and thus assuring stability.
Which of the following is most likely to be overlooked should a pilot make a rushed decision?
The skills of air traffic controllers.
Analysis of the actual situation and applying a prepared decision instead.
Rules and regulations.
The captain's superior knowledge, justified by his/her status.
A high level of motivation is related:
to monotony states.
to high levels of arousal.
to high levels of intelligence.
to complacency.
What are the three phases of General Adaptation Syndrome?
Alert, resistance, performance.
Alarm, resistance, performance.
Alarm, resistance, exhaustion.
Alert, resistance, exhaustion.
Many pilots think up their personal systems and schemes how to deal with various affairs or situations, so that they do not have to think up every time what they have to do when encountering these situations.
This has to be advised against for it reduces flexibility at a moment a problem has to be solved by improvisation.
This has to be positively appreciated for it increases consistency in action.
This is dangerous for every situation is different.
This has to be rejected for the company draws the rules and the procedures they have to comply with.
What is the main adverse effect of expectations in the perception mechanism?
Expectations often guide the focus of attention towards a particular aspect, while possible alternates are neglected.
They always lead to routine errors.
The unconscious mechanism of attention leads to focus on all relevant information.
The attention area is enlarged, thus it will lead to an uncertainty in regard to necessary decisions.
Select the correct statement about assertive behavior:
assertive behavior helps you get what you want and need.
assertive behavior denies the rights of others.
assertive behavior uses action instead of words.
assertive behavior is often weak, hesitant and soft.
The quality of learning
is promoted by feedback on the value of one's own performance.
depends on long-term memory capacity.
is independent of the level of motivation.
is independent of age.
Stimuli must be of a certain strength for the receptors to pick them up. This is called:
sensory threshold.
sensory filter.
sensory strength.
sensory volume.
Which behaviour does most likely promote a constructive solution of interpersonal conflicts?
Active listening.
Responding with counter-arguments.
Staying to the own point of view.
Giving in.
When a pilot is facing a problem during flight he should:
take as much time as he needs and is available to make up his mind.
always make up his mind quickly to give himself as much spare time as possible.
avoid making up his mind until the very last minute.
make up his mind before consulting other crew members.
Which one of the following is a typical 'primary group'?
A cockpit crew and a cabin crew in commercial aviation, having dinner at the hotel during night stop.
A cockpit crew in commercial aviation.
A work-group of students coming together every Monday to discuss relevant topics in mathematics.
A family, gathered to celebrate mother's 40th birthday.
Non-verbal communication:
should be avoided by all means in the cockpit.
is of no meaning in the cockpit.
is always used intentionally.
supports verbal communication.
The cocktail party effect is:
the ability to drink too much at social gathering.
the ability to pick up relevant information unintentionally.
the tendency to believe information that reinforces our mental model of the world.
the tendency not to perceive relevant information.
CRM and MCC training are designed to improve:
individual efficiency and contribution.
individual achievement.
the quality of crew performance.
the quality and a number of individuals' performance.
Which of the following characteristics form part of decision-making on the flight deck?
A good decision depends on analysis of the situation.
A decision is only valid in a defined and delimited time.
A good decision can always be reversed if its result does not come up to expectations.
A group decision must always be established prior to action.
Working memory:
is sensitive to interruptions which may erase all or some of its content.
is unlimited in size.
is unlimited in duration.
varies considerably in size between an expert pilot and a novice pilot.
The available cognitive resources of the human brain:
are limited but make it possible to easily perform several tasks at the same time.
are virtually unlimited.
allow for twin-tasks operation without any loss of effectiveness.
are limited and make it impossible to perform two attentional tasks at the same time.
What is meant by 'divided attention'?
Switching of attention from one set of stimuli to another.
Focusing on non-essential information.
Sampling of stimuli, and selection of them for further processing.
None of the above is correct.
Stress is a reaction in order to adapt to a specific situation. This reaction:
can only be controlled by medical treatment.
is purely physiological and automatic.
may include various psychological and physiological elements which one can learn to manage.
is always linked to excessive fear.
Which statement is correct?
Inconsistent communication improves flight safety.
There is no relation between inadequate communication and incidents or accidents.
Problems in the personal relationships between crew members are likely to hamper the communication process.
Personal conflict that takes place prior to take-off should wait to be addressed until the end of the flight.
The 'ideal' cockpit can be termed as:
synergistic.
laissez-faire.
autocratic.
co-actional.
Define arousal:
Arousal can be defined as an individual's preparedness for a difficult task.
A high arousal level usually indicates either a high level of activity or preparedness for a high level of activity.
A high level of arousal is usually accompanied by a high level of vigilance and is generally the opposite of drowsiness or day-dreaming.
All of the above is correct.
Which of the following statements concerning communication is valid?
The syntax of communication is of little importance to its success. Only the words uttered are important.
Professional communication means to exchange information as little as possible.
Professional communication means: using a restricted and specific language, tailored to minimize misunderstandings.
Communication must take priority over any other flight activity under all circumstances.
A captain running a 'laissez-faire' cockpit will:
be an efficient crew member.
make few suggestions or decisions.
will encourage a 'sterile' cockpit.
fill a vacuum.
'Different non-technical related opinions between pilots from different cultural backgrounds might be seen in connection with: 1) the variations of technical training and skills. 2) communication problems. 3) conflicting ways of management. 4) interpersonal problems. The combination of correct statements is:
1
1, 2, 4
2, 3
2, 3, 4
What is a pre-determined opinion?
A dominating crew member may have a very strong opinion of how to do a task and not be willing to listen to suggestions.
The tendency to see or hear what we expect; this is also called mind sets.
A plan or opinion is made before the flight is conducted.
Pilots with pre-determined opinions are planning ahead; they often play the 'what if' game to be prepared for the unexpected.
Pilot stress reactions:
are related to an internationally recognized list of stressors where the top-ten items should be avoided by every means.
seem to be the same for most pilots.
differ from pilot to pilot, depending on how a person manages the particular stressors.
do not change with the environment or different situations but mainly with the characters themselves.
Group norms:
regulate the interaction and the behaviour between the members of a group.
diminish the morale of the group.
are always fixed in a written way and can be looked up.
have no influence on the working behaviour of the group.
What happens in problem-solving when the application of a rule allows for the situation to be resolved?
A switch is made to knowledge-based mode in order to continue monitoring of the problem.
A second monitoring rule must be applied.
Actions return to an automatic mode.
A switch is made to knowledge mode in order to refine the results.
What is meant by 'passive monitoring' in terms of automation complacency?
A pilot watching what is going on rather than analyzing and constantly checking.
A pilot's belief in the fallibility of systems and constantly checking and analyzing the situation.
A pilot knowing where the aircraft has been, where it is now, and where it is going to.
A pilot's concentration on one particular area of the system instead of monitoring the whole system.
Name the most common problem of the long-term memory and how would you counteract it?
Any item can be recalled from the LTM with ease as long as it has been stored correctly.
Unless an item is recalled regularly, it becomes more and more difficult to retrieve from the LTM store.
Facts can be stored in the episodic memory instead of the semantic memory. Careful attention in learning will counteract this error.
Recent events can become muddled in the LTM. Careful attention to detail associated with 'memory bench marking' will go a long way towards avoiding this tendency.
A co-pilot has passed an upgrading course to become a captain. Which psychological consequence is most likely?
His/her self-concept is going to be stabilized because of the higher status as a captain.
The increased command authority leads to a higher professionalism.
His/her self-concept is going to change because of new roles and tasks which have to be incorporated.
An upgrading does not have any of the mentioned psychological consequences.
Which of the following personal attitudes would be classified as 'macho'?
This is the attitude of people who frequently feel the need to do something, anything, immediately.
People who are always trying to prove that they are better than anyone else.
People who think what is the use do not see themselves as making a great deal of difference in what happens to them.
A person who is submissive.
'Which of the following are strategies for resolving conflict? 1) Seeking arbitration. 2) Actively listening to other people. 3) Abandoning facts so as to move the conversation to a more emotional level. 4) Becoming aware of cultural influences.'
1, 2, 4
1, 2
2, 3, 4
2, 4
'Which of the following are either cumulative or tend to escalate? 1) Stress factors (stressors). 2) Errors. 3) The effects of carbon monoxide poisoning. 4) Human conflict. 5) Color blindness.'
2, 3, 5
1, 2, 3
1, 2
1, 2, 3, 4
What are the most frequent results of a self-centred captain on the flight deck?
High group performance despite the strained relations.
In a two-pilot flight deck, the co-pilot is ignored and may react by disengaging, showing delayed responses or aggression
A major risk of authority inversion if the co-pilot is non-assertive
Performance is very poor as self-centred behaviour leads to an increase of cooperation and efficiency
