Depth cues that depend on the use of two eyes are called what?

A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another is known as what?

Which term describes the organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings?

Which depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, are available to either eye alone?

Which school emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes?

Which analysis begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information?

Failing to see visible objects when attention is directed elsewhere is called what?

Perceptions that begin with the most general and move toward the more specific, guided by higher-level mental processes and expectations, are called what?

What term describes the processes that allow an individual to select and focus on particular input for further processing while suppressing irrelevant information?

The ability to focus one’s attention on a particular stimulus while filtering out a range of other stimuli is called what?

An illusion of motion or change in size of a visual stimulus is referred to as what?

A state in which cognitive resources are focused on certain aspects of the environment, ready to respond to stimuli, is best described by which term?

Failure to notice changes in the visual array appearing in two successive scenes is known as what?

Which Gestalt principle states that people perceive incomplete forms as complete by synthesizing missing parts?

The rotation of the two eyes inward toward a light source so that the image falls on corresponding points on the foveas is called what?

A monocular depth cue in which the closer object partly conceals the farther object is called what?

Parallel lines that converge appear far away. Which cue does this describe?

Which Gestalt principle states that people tend to organize objects close to each other into a perceptual group and interpret them as a single entity?

Objects that appear sharp, clear, and detailed are seen as closer than more hazy objects. Which cue is this?

Which term refers to how large something is compared to another object?

What is a collection of basic knowledge about a concept that serves as a guide to perception and interpretation?

In classification tasks, grouping items based on shared function or category membership is called what?

Which cue describes the decline in resolution of textures as the viewer moves away from them?

What term refers to mental focus on multiple tasks or ideas at once?

Which term refers to the internal state resulting from experience with predictable relationships between stimuli or responses and stimuli, and in motivation, a belief that actions can produce a particular outcome?

What is a false sensory percept, most commonly affecting the senses due to misinterpretation of sensory stimuli?

Awareness of three-dimensionality, solidity, and the distance between the observer and the object is called what?

Which phenomenon describes objects or properties appearing unchanged despite variations in stimulus or observation conditions (e.g., brightness, color, size)?

Which term refers to a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem?

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory best defines which heuristic?

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes describes which concept?

Which concept explains how the way an issue is posed can significantly affect decisions and judgments?

What is the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions, which impedes creativity and problem solving?

Approaching a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past, is known as:

The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations that predisposes one’s perception, memory, or response is called:

A mental image or best example of a category is called a:

Failing to recognize the independence of chance events, leading to the mistaken belief that one can predict outcomes based on past chance events, is the:

The tendency to continue a course of action in which one has already invested money, time, or effort is the:

Which term describes all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating?

Which process involves generating, organizing, planning, and carrying out goal-directed behaviors and critical thinking?

When already existing structures are changed to accommodate new information, this is called:

When new information is incorporated into an already existing cognitive structure, this is called:

Which type of thinking uses linear, logical steps to analyze already formulated solutions to find the most likely correct one?

Creative thinking in which an individual solves a problem using strategies that deviate from commonly used or previously taught strategies—where quantity is more important than quality—is called:

Which term refers to a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently, though not guaranteed to be correct?

Which bias category includes anchoring bias, confirmation bias, availability heuristic, and choice-supportive bias?

Which term describes a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence?

The tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments—is known as:

Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited is called:

A great boost to creativity; doing something for its own reward refers to:

After an event has occurred, overestimating the extent to which the outcome could have been foreseen is known as:

Giving excessive weight to the starting value when making quantitative judgments under uncertainty best defines:

Creative or “sideways” thinking that deliberately attempts to reexamine basic assumptions and change perspective to provide a fresh approach to solving a problem is:

Interpreting events in a way that assigns credit for success to oneself but blames failure on external factors is called:

Which component in the Working Memory Model is responsible for coordinating the subsystems?

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, like a photographic memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second, is called:

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli, where sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds, is known as:

The process of getting information out of memory storage is called:

Which term refers to memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare?

What type of encoding requires attention and conscious effort?

The memory for intentions—remembering to do something ahead of time—is known as which type of memory?

Processing at a semantic level, usually involving a degree of elaboration and producing stronger, longer-lasting memories, is called what?

Which term describes the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system that includes knowledge, skills, and experiences?

An increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation—believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory—is called what?

Which processing type involves the processing of encoding sounds, actual words, and other auditory input for storage and retrieval?

According to the model developed by Craik and Lockhart, what determines the level of recall?

Which theory, developed by Atkinson and Shiffrin, hypothesizes that information can move through and be retained in any of several memory storage systems, usually a short-term and a long-term variety?

What is the ability to remember personally experienced events associated with a particular time and place called?

Cognitive encoding of new information that focuses on its meaningful aspects, especially the meaning of words, is known as what?

What term describes the quality of a behavior or mental process that can be carried out rapidly and without effort or explicit intention, including the unconscious encoding of incidental information and well-learned information such as word meanings?

What term refers to the brief retention of information in a highly accessible state and a newer understanding that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory?

Within working memory, which component holds and manipulates auditory information over short intervals of time?

Which memory model, proposed by Baddeley and Hitch, describes the short-term maintenance and manipulation of information necessary for performing complex cognitive tasks such as learning, reasoning, and comprehension?

In the working memory model, which component briefly holds and manipulates information about the appearance of objects and their location in space?

According to the Multi-Store Model by Atkinson & Shiffrin, which memory store immediately receives sensory input like sights and sounds before attention filters it?

Which term refers to memory that retains a few items only for several seconds, introduced by William James in dual-store models?

Which term is defined as the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system?

The reproduction, recognition, or recall of a limited amount of material after about 10 to 30 seconds best defines which concept?

Which encoding strategy involves organizing items into familiar, manageable units to aid short-term memory retention?

Distributing to-be-learned information across short, interrupted study sessions to improve long-term retention is called what?

Which item names the first stage of memory processing that converts sensory input into a form capable of being processed and deposited in memory?

A learning procedure where practice periods for a task are separated by lengthy rest periods or different activities, found to be more effective than cramming, is known as what?

Which concept contends that long-term memory is organized through hierarchical arrangements of concepts?

In classification tasks, grouping items based on shared function or category (e.g., cow, dog, horse; tractor, bus, motorcycle) exemplifies which process?

Which term best fits the definition: the loss of memory?

Which term describes the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system, including knowledge, skills, and experiences?

Repeating items over and over (out loud or silently) to keep them in short-term memory is known as what?

Linking new information to what one already knows to form richer associations is called what?

Which type of amnesia is marked by an inability to form new memories due to a disturbance in memory required to learn new information?

The commonly experienced inability to recall events from early childhood due to immature encoding and retrieval systems is known as what?

A person’s memory for episodes or experiences that occurred in their own life is called what?

Which term refers to the persistence of learned behavior or experience over time as indicated by the ability to recall, recognize, reproduce, or relearn it—the second stage of memory after encoding and before retrieval?

Which disorder is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by synapse loss, dementia, and a significant decline in functioning, including rapid forgetting of new information and impaired recall and recognition?

Which term best describes the finding that memory for a past event is improved when a person is in the same biological or psychological state as when the memory was formed?

A person recalls more details of a happy event when they are currently in a happy mood. Which concept explains this effect?

Learning that is displayed only when the same place, circumstance, or state is present as during learning is most closely associated with which idea?

On a fill-in-the-blank test, a person must retrieve information learned earlier. This is an example of:

Identifying previously learned items on a multiple-choice test is an example of:

What term refers to the process of getting information out of memory storage?

A prompt or stimulus used to guide memory recall is called a:

Research shows that enhanced memory after retrieving information, rather than simply rereading it, leads to better retention. This finding is known as the:

A breakdown in the process of getting information into the cognitive system refers to:

Which concept is most directly illustrated by the observation that forgetting occurs rapidly at first and then levels off over time?

You learn new material for a test, which then makes it harder to remember previously learned information. This best illustrates:

After reading misleading details about an event, a person’s memory of that event becomes distorted. This is known as the:

Momentarily knowing a word but being unable to produce it is an example of the:

Which concept refers to the disruptive effect of old learning on the recall of new information?

A person misattributes a memory to the wrong source, recalling misleading information from an experiment instead of the original event. What is this error called?

Hermann Ebbinghaus’s early forgetting research showed a sharp initial drop in retention followed by a gradual decline. What term best labels a graph of forgetting over time after learning has occurred?

Which term names the neurobiological processes by which a permanent memory is formed following a learning experience?

What defense mechanism banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness, according to psychoanalytic theory?

The tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) experience is best described as:

Blocking of learning or memory retrieval by other conflicting material is broadly called:

In the diagram comparing retrograde and anterograde amnesia, which type shows memory loss for events before the onset of amnesia?

Which test type is specifically designed to assess what a person has learned?

Tests intended to predict a person’s future performance are called:

What term refers to the amount of time elapsed since an individual’s birth, expressed in months and years?

The degree to which a test measures a concept, trait, or theoretical construct is known as:

Which term refers to the general intelligence factor believed to underlie specific mental abilities?

Which concept focuses on the belief that abilities can be developed through dedication and effort, contrasting with a fixed mindset?

Which phrase best describes the main difference between achievement and aptitude tests?

Which term refers to evidence that a test score correlates with a variable measured at some point after the test has been administered?

Which concept is the degree to which empirical evidence and theoretical rationale support the appropriateness of conclusions drawn from an assessment—i.e., the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to measure or predict?

According to Spearman, what is the general intelligence factor that underlies specific mental abilities and is measured by every task on an intelligence test?

What term describes the gradual cross-cultural rise in raw scores on measures of general intelligence?

Which mindset is characterized by beliefs such as “something you’re born with,” “avoid challenges,” and “get defensive when receiving feedback”?

Which mindset includes beliefs like “comes from hard work,” “challenges are opportunities to grow,” and “setbacks are wake-up calls to work harder next time”?

Which item best matches the belief that your intelligence, talents, and other abilities are set in stone?

Which statement reflects the belief that a person’s intelligence and abilities can grow and improve with practice?

What is a method for assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores?

Defined originally as the ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100, which measure is being described?

Which term refers to the trustworthiness or consistency of a measure—yielding the same results across multiple applications to the same sample when free of random error?

Which measure of intelligence test performance, devised by Binet, corresponds to a given level of performance and is compared to chronological age?

What term describes the internal consistency of surveys or tests assessed by splitting items into halves and correlating the two sets of scores?

What is the process of defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group?

Which concept is a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype?

Which procedure estimates reliability by administering the same test twice over a period of time to the same group and correlating the scores?

Which effect describes a performance boost that occurs when downward comparisons are made with a denigrated outgroup?

Which term refers to mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations?

What is partiality of a test in favor of individuals from certain backgrounds at the expense of those from other backgrounds—possibly in content, format, or administration?

Which term describes the tendency of test scores to systematically over- or underestimate the true performance of individuals because they are members of specific groups to whom the test is administered?

According to the memory flowchart, external events are first recorded as which type of memory?

In the diagram, paying attention to information leads it to be encoded into a system that holds a few items briefly. Which term best fits this stage?

The flowchart shows two complementary processes: to get information into storage we must do one process, and to get it out we must do another. Which option correctly identifies both processes?

In the flowchart, the relatively limitless, permanent store is identified as which memory system, and how is it categorized?

Which of the following demonstrates heuristic thinking?

Which of the following is an example of implicit memory?

What would be true of a thermometer that always reads three degrees lower than the actual temperature?

Dr. Trenton conducted a study to determine whether massed practice or distributed practice produced better academic outcomes. He recruited volunteers from a high school Spanish class and randomly assigned students to learn a list of 100 new vocabulary words for which they were later given a word recall test. Students prepared for the word recall test using either distributed practice by studying for 30 minutes a day the week before the test, or massed practice by intensively studying the night before the test. What was the dependent variable in this research project?