1-2. Computer ___ refers to the attributes that directly affect the execution logic of a program.

1-3. Architectural attributes include __________.

1-4. _________ attributes include hardware details transparent to the programmer.

1-5. It is a(n) _________ design issue whether a computer will have a multiply instruction.

1-6. It is a(n) _________ issue whether the multiply instruction will be implemented by a special multiply unit or by a mechanism that makes repeated use of the add unit of the system.

1-7. A __________ system is a set of interrelated subsystems.

1-8. An I/O device is referred to as a __________.

1-9. When data are moved over longer distances, to or from a remote device, the process is known as __________.

1-10. The _________ stores data.

A common example of system interconnection is by means of a __________.

The __________ moves data between the computer and its external environment.

A __________ is a mechanism that provides communication between the CPU, main memory, and I/O.

_______ provide storage internal to the CPU.

The __________ performs the computer's data processing functions.

The number of bits used to represent various data types is an example of an architectural attribute.

Interfaces between the computer and peripherals is an example of an organizational attribute.

Historically the distinction between architecture and organization has not been an important one.

A particular architecture may span many years and encompass a number of different computer models, its organization changing with changing technology.

A microcomputer architecture and organization relationship is not very close.

Changes in technology not only influence organization but also result in the introduction of more powerful and more complex architectures

The hierarchical nature of complex systems is essential to both their design and their description.

Both the structure and functioning of a computer are, in essence, simple.

A computer must be able to process, store, move, and control data.

When data are moved over longer distances, to or from a remote device, the process is known as data transport.

The _________ was the world's first general-purpose electronic digital computer.

There is a tremendous variety of products, from single-chip microcomputers costing a few dollars to supercomputers costing tens of millions of dollars that can rightly claim the name "computer".

The variety of computer products is exhibited only in cost.

Computer organization refers to attributes of a system visible to the programmer.

Changes in computer technology are finally slowing down.

The textbook for this course is about the structure and function of computers.

The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer project was a response to U.S. needs during

The ENIAC used __________.

The ENIAC is an example of a _________ generation computer.

The __________ interprets the instructions in memory and causes them to be executed.

The memory of the IAS consists of 1000 storage locations called __________.

The __________ contains the 8-bit opcode instruction being executed.

During the _________ the opcode of the next instruction is loaded into the IR and the address portion is loaded into the MAR.

Second generation computers used

The __________ defines the third generation of computers.

The use of multiple processors on the same chip is referred to as __________ and provides the potential to increase performance without increasing the clock rate.

With the __________, Intel introduced the use of superscalar techniques that allow multiple instructions to execute in parallel.

The __________ measures the ability of a computer to complete a single task.

ARM processors are designed to meet the needs of _________.

One increment, or pulse, of the system clock is referred to as a _________.

The IAS is the prototype of all subsequent general-purpose computers.

The IAS operates by repetitively performing an instruction cycle.

Computers are classified into generations based on the fundamental hardware technology employed.

IBM's System/360 was the industry's first planned family of computers.

A common measure of performance for a processor is the rate at which instructions are executed, expressed as billions of instructions per seconds (BIPS).

John Mauchly and John Eckert designed the ENIAC.

The world's first general-purpose electronic digital computer was designed and constructed at The Ohio State University.

The major drawback of the EDVAC was that it had to be programmed manually by setting switches and plugging and unplugging cables.

Backward compatible means that the programs written for the older machines can be executed on the new machine.

A vacuum tube is a solid-state device made from silicon.

System software was introduced in the third generation of computers.

A wafer is made of silicon and is broken up into chips which consists of many gates and/or memory cells plus a number of input and output attachment points.

Intel's 4004 was the first chip to contain all of the components of a CPU on a single chip.

Designers wrestle with the challenge of balancing processor performance with that of main memory and other computer components.

The Intel x86 evolved from RISC design principles and is used in embedded systems.

Virtually all contemporary computer designs are based on concepts developed by __________ at the Institute for Advanced Studies, Princeton.
a. John Maulchy
b. John von Neumann
c. Herman Hollerith
d. John Eckert

The von Neumann architecture is based on which concept?

A sequence of codes or instructions is called __________.

The processing required for a single instruction is called a(n) __________ cycle.
a. Execute
b. Fetch
c. Instruction
d. Packet

A(n) _________ is generated by a failure such as power failure or memory parity error.

A(n) _________ is generated by some condition that occurs as a result of an instruction execution.

The interconnection structure must support which transfer?

A bus that connects major computer components (processor, memory, I/O) is called a __________.

The __________ are used to designate the source or destination of the data on the data bus

The data lines provide a path for moving data among system modules and are collectively called the _________.

A __________ is the high-level set of rules for exchanging packets of data between devices.

Each data path consists of a pair of wires (referred to as a __________) that transmits data one bit at a time.

The _________ receives read and write requests from the software above the TL and creates request packets for transmission to a destination via the link layer.
a. Transaction layer
b. Root layer
c. Configuration layer
d. Transport layer

The TL supports which of the following address spaces?
a. Memory
b. I/O
c. Message
d. All of the above

The QPI _________ layer is used to determine the course that a packet will traverse across the available system interconnects.
a. Link
b. Protocol
c. Routing
d. Physical

At a top level, a computer consists of CPU, memory, and I/O components.

The basic function of a computer is to execute programs.

Program execution consists of repeating the process of instruction fetch and instruction execution.

Interrupts do not improve processing efficiency.

An I/O module cannot exchange data directly with the processor.

A key characteristic of a bus is that it is not a shared transmission medium.

Computer systems contain a number of different buses that provide pathways between components at various levels of the computer system hierarchy.

In general, the more devices attached to the bus, the greater the bus length and hence the greater the propagation delay.

It is not possible to connect I/O controllers directly onto the system bus.

The method of using the same lines for multiple purposes is known as time multiplexing.

Timing refers to the way in which events are coordinated on the bus.

With asynchronous timing the occurrence of events on the bus is determined by a clock.

Because all devices on a synchronous bus are tied to a fixed clock rate, the system cannot take advantage of advances in device performance.

The unit of transfer at the link layer is a phit and the unit transfer at the physical layer is a flit.

A key requirement for PCIe is high capacity to support the needs of higher data rate I/O devices such as Gigabit Ethernet.