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WorksheetsPersonality Exam 2
Total questions: 87
Worksheet time: 29mins
Ego Psychology is best described as:
A rejection of Freud’s structural theory
A continuation and elaboration of Freud’s structural theory
A focus on id impulses
A behaviorist reinterpretation of psychoanalysis
Heinz Hartmann emphasized that some elements of the ego are:
Entirely in conflict with the id
Conflict-free and reality oriented
Based on unconscious phantasies
Dependent on the superego
Object Relations Theory differs from Ego Psychology primarily by:
Focusing on object relations as the most crucial ego function
Rejecting the concept of reality testing
Emphasizing id drives exclusively
Treating the ego as a defense mechanism only
In Object Relations Theory, “objects” refer to:
Material possessions
Real external people
Internalized mental representations of self and others
Observable behaviors
Melanie Klein’s “paranoid-schizoid position” refers to:
Early infant splitting of good and bad part-objects
Adolescent ambivalence toward authority
Adult repression of aggression
Integration of the whole object
The depressive position, according to Klein, develops when:
The infant experiences the mother as entirely bad
The infant integrates good and bad aspects of the mother into a whole object
The child represses early drives
The id dominates ego functions
Which defense mechanism originates in the paranoid-schizoid position?
Denial
Rationalization
Splitting
Denial
Idealization and devaluation are considered two sides of which defense?
Reaction formation
Splitting
Repression
Identification
Projective identification involves:
Denying one’s own qualities
Projecting feelings onto others and inducing them to act accordingly
Repressing impulses into the unconscious
Using logical reasoning to justify behavior
Identity diffusion refers to:
An integrated sense of self
Chronic emptiness and weak sense of self
A mature ego function
Normal adolescent development
Otto Kernberg is known for:
Inventing behavior therapy
Integrating ego psychology and object relations theory
Founding humanistic psychology
Creating the 16PF
Heinz Kohut’s Self Psychology emphasizes:
The role of empathy and mirroring in forming a cohesive self
The id’s dominance over ego functions
Dream interpretation
Classical conditioning
Kohut believed narcissism arises from:
Inherited temperament
Early parental failures of empathy and validation
Genetic disorders
Overly strict superego formation
Which of the following is NOT one of Kohut’s three needs for a healthy self?
A. Mirroring
B. Idealizing
Twinship
Regression
In therapy, a Self Psychology approach emphasizes:
The therapist’s interpretations of unconscious drives
Providing empathy and responsiveness to unmet developmental needs
Behavioral reinforcement
Dream analysis
The lexical hypothesis suggests that:
A. Important individual differences become encoded in language over time
B. Traits are best measured by biological indicators
C. Personality is shaped entirely by environment
D. Only clinical psychologists can define traits
Traits are best described as
Superficial habits and attitudes
Enduring quantitative psychological dispositions
Temporary emotional states
Learned social roles
According to Cattell, surface traits are:
Observable clusters of behaviors that reflect underlying source traits
Innate biological drives
Unconscious motives
Temporary situational states
Cattell’s 16PF was developed primarily to:
Identify source traits through factor analysis
Measure defense mechanisms
Test unconscious conflicts
Evaluate emotional intelligence
The Five-Factor Model (Big Five) emerged from:
Experimental personality studies
Factor analyses of trait descriptors across many samples
Case studies of psychopathology
Cross-cultural ethnographies
Which of the following is not one of the Big Five?
Openness to Experience
Psychoticism
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
The Big Five factor most associated with organization, responsibility, and reliability is:
Conscientiousness
Neuroticism
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Which factor involves curiosity, imagination, and aesthetic sensitivity?
Conscientiousness
Agreeableness
Openness to Experience
Extraversion
Neuroticism refers to:
The capacity for empathy
Emotional instability and proneness to distress
High creativity
Cognitive flexibility
Which statement best summarizes Extraversion?
Sociability, energy, and positive emotion
Impulsivity and aggression
Intellectual engagement
Independence and detachment
Agreeableness involves:
Compassion, cooperation, and trust
Curiosity and creativity
Assertiveness and ambition
Anxiety and hostility
Openness to Experience has been linked to:
Artistic interests and tolerance for non-traditional ideas
Perfectionism
Hostility
Dogmatism
Conscientiousness predicts:
Emotional stability
Academic and occupational success
Creativity
Extraversion
Costa and McCrae’s NEO-PI-R was developed to:
Measure the Big Five factors and their defining facets
Diagnose mental illness
Test moral reasoning
Measure IQ
Which of the following is an example of a facet of Conscientiousness?
Friendliness
Anxiety
Orderliness
Intellect
Cross-cultural research on the Big Five generally shows:
Replication of similar trait dimensions across many languages
Completely different factor structures
No evidence of universality
Only three factors are found outside the U.S.
Eysenck’s theory differed from the Big Five in that he:
Proposed three superfactors (P, E, N)
Argued for seven factors
Focused on learning theory
Denied any biological basis
Eysenck’s Psychoticism dimension reflects:
Aggressiveness and lack of empathy
Emotional stability
Diagnosable mental illness
Cooperative behavior
Allport distinguished between cardinal, central, and secondary traits. Central traits are:
General characteristics easily observed by most acquaintances
Rare traits observed only by close friends and relatives
Temporary moods
Inherited temperament factors
The idiographic approach to assessment emphasizes:
Individual uniqueness and detailed case study
Group averages
Cross-sectional comparisons
Standardized testing only
The nomothetic approach emphasizes:
The uniqueness of each individual
Common traits and laws applicable to everyone
Inner conflicts
The unconscious mind
The “lexical hypothesis” strongly influenced the work of:
Gordon Allport and Henry Odbert
John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth
Heinz Kohut
Sigmund Freud (in his later years)
Factor analysis in personality psychology is used to:
Increase reliability of measurement
Identify clusters of related variables
Eliminate statistical bias
Confirm behavioral norms
When the Big Five factors are factor-analyzed, Digman (1997) identified two higher-order factors called:
Virtue and Vice
Stability and Plasticity
Order and Chaos
Alpha and Omega
The Plasticity factor (Factor Beta) is composed of:
Agreeableness and Conscientiousness
Neuroticism and Conscientiousness
Extraversion and Openness
Agreeableness and Neuroticism
The General Factor of Personality (GFP) can be conceptualized as:
High E, O, C, A and low N
High A and low O
High C only
The GFP has been interpreted as representing:
Negative emotionality
Moral rigidity/Perfectionism
Social effectiveness/Leadership
Pure cognitive ability
In the HEXACO model, the additional (sixth) factor is:
Pride-Humility
Honesty-Humility
Rationality
Obedience
The new sixth factor in the HEXACO:
Does not predict behavior
Predicts delinquency and workplace dishonesty
Is unrelated to morality
Is identical to Neuroticism
Traits of the Dark Triad include:
Anxiety and compassion
Neuroticism and politeness
Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and Psychopathy
Honesty, loyalty, and kindness
The Big Seven model of Tellegen and Waller adds which new types of factors?
Sensation seeking and Intelligence
Cultural norms and Ego strength
Positive Valence and Negative Valence
Motivation and Emotion
A criticism of the Big Seven model is that:
It cannot be statistically analyzed
It lacks theoretical basis entirely
Evaluative terms may reflect pathology rather than normal
None of the above
The correlation between self-rated intelligence and IQ test scores is approximately:
.90
.70
.20
.00
When Intelligence tests are factor analyzed with personality traits, what is found?
It is a part of Agreeableness
It is a part of Conscientiousness
It is a sixth factor separate from the Big Five
It is part of Extraversion
IQ correlates most strongly with which Big Five trait?
Conscientiousness
Openness to Experience
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
IQ shows what average correlation with Conscientiousness?
.30
.02
.50
.80
Religiosity is most strongly related to the Big Five factors of:
Neuroticism and Extraversion
Neuroticism and Openness
Agreeableness and Conscientiousness
Intelligence and Honesty-Humility
Spiritual Transcendence is defined as:
A. A vivid fantasy life
B. Frequent religious behavior
C. Viewing life from a broader and objective perspective
D. Unconscious sexual urges
Research on Spiritual Transcendence suggests that it:
Is a component of Openness
Forms a sixth factor outside the Big Five
Has no predictive validity
Only applies to religious individuals
Religion/spirituality predicts which of the following beyond the Big Five?
Poorer health
Higher neuroticism
Better health, coping, and prosocial behavior
Reduced social support
Schmitt & Buss identified how many sexual trait factors?
Four
Five
Six
Seven
“Sexual Attractiveness” in the Sexy Seven refers to:
How physically desirable one views oneself to be
Exclusive commitment in relationships
Degree of sexual restraint
Self-rated intelligence
Extraverts tend to see themselves as:
Sexier and more emotionally invested, but less restrained
Highly neurotic
Low in sexual interest
Emotionally detached
Agreeable individuals tend to score higher on:
Eroticism
Relationship exclusivity and emotional investment
Sexual orientation diversity
Risk-taking
Individuals higher in nontraditional sexual orientations tend to score higher on:
Conscientiousness
Neuroticism
Openness to Experience
Agreeableness
Meta-analysis of sex differences in the Big Five shows women score higher on:
Extraversion only
Conscientiousness only
Openness and Conscientiousness
Agreeableness and Neuroticism
Which Big Five trait best predicts college GPA?
Openness
Extraversion
Neuroticism
Conscientiousness
In job performance studies, Conscientiousness:
Predicts success across most occupational categories
Predicts only artistic success
Has no predictive power
Predicts only police success
Extraversion predicts success most strongly in:
Clerical jobs
Sales and management
Skilled trade positions
Accounting
Openness predicts job outcomes primarily by:
Direct productivity
Faster training proficiency
Reduced turnover
Increased diplomacy
Scientists are typically:
A. Extraverted but disagreeable conformists
B. Conscientious introverts who are open to new ideas
C. Surprisingly low in Openness
D. Almost the opposite of creative artists on all the Big Five
Artists tend to be:
Low in Neuroticism
Less creative than scientists
Higher in Neuroticism than most other professions
Low in Openness
Across adulthood, personality change generally includes:
Increases in Neuroticism
Increases in Agreeableness and Conscientiousness
Major changes every decade
Declines in Openness only
During college years, students typically show:
Lower Openness
Growth in C, A, and O
Sharp decline in Extraversion
Higher Psychoticism
Extraversion across adulthood tends to be:
Relatively stable
Dramatically decreasing
Dramatically increasing
Entirely situational
Handshake research found firm handshakes correlate with:
High Neuroticism
High Extraversion
Low Conscientiousness
High Agreeableness only
In females, firm handshakes also relate to:
Openness to Experience
Neuroticism
Low Agreeableness
Aggressiveness
Conscientiousness showed what relationship with firm handshakes?
Strong positive
Weak positive
Weak negative
None
Personality residue refers to:
Memory of past relationships
Genetic trace markers
Physical traces of behavior left in personal spaces
Emotional resilience
Observer accuracy was best for which traits in both offices and bedrooms?
Neuroticism and Agreeableness
Intelligence and Neuroticism
Extraversion, Conscientiousness, and Openness
Agreeableness only
Why was accuracy higher in bedrooms?
Bedrooms are cleaner
Bedrooms are standardized
More genuine self-expression occurs in personal spaces
Observers were trained professionals
Virtual (online) spaces research shows that personality ratings online are:
Inaccurate
Accurate for E, C, and O
Accurate only for Neuroticism
Inconsistent across raters
Extraversion on Facebook is associated with:
Having fewer friends
More active social interaction and engagement
Lower posting frequency
More privacy settings
Conscientiousness on Facebook is associated with:
High self-promotion
Frequent posting
Less Facebook activity overall
More profile pictures
In early music research, Cattell assumed music:
Predicts cognitive ability
Provides catharsis of unexpressed emotions
Is unrelated to personality
Indicates social status
People high in sensation-seeking prefer:
Classical music
Show tunes
Rock and heavy bass music
Silence
STOMP research identified musical preferences that:
Are uncorrelated with personality
Show no consistent patterns
Cluster into broader musical style dimensions
Replace the Big Five
High Extraversion relates to preference for which music types?
Classical and opera
Intense and rebellious
Energetic and rhythmic
Independent and experimental
High Openness relates to which music types?
Reflective/complex and intense/rebellious
Upbeat/conventional only
Simple and repetitive
Bass-driven only
High Agreeableness relates to which music category?
Intense and rebellious
Reflective and complex
Upbeat and conventional
Experimental and electronic
Music listening occurs most often:
During commuting
Only while studying
In many everyday contexts
Rarely
Students believe their musical preferences:
Reveal nothing about themselves
Are irrelevant to personality
Say a lot about who they are
Predict intelligence only
