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ESP 3

Total questions: 45

Worksheet time: 23mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

A mineral is best defined as:

a)

Naturally occurring inorganic solid with a specific chemical composition and crystalline structure

b)

Any solid material found on Earth

c)

Organic compound formed from plants

d)

Melted rock underground

2.

A rock is:

a)

A liquid mixture of metals

b)

A consolidated aggregate of one or more minerals

c)

A single mineral

d)

A type of fossil

3.

The continental crust mainly consists of:

a)

Basaltic and ultramafic rocks

b)

Granitic and gneissic rocks

c)

Carbonates and sandstones

d)

Iron and nickel

4.

The three major rock types are:

a)

Volcanic, intrusive, and evaporite

b)

Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic

c)

Granite, basalt, and sandstone

d)

Felsic, mafic, and ultramafic

5.

What are sediments?

a)

Crystallized minerals from magma

b)

Unconsolidated clastic particles like sand or mud

c)

Organic compounds

d)

Metamorphic layers

6.

Igneous rocks form by:

a)

Erosion and deposition

b)

Solidification of magma

c)

Compaction and cementation

d)

Heat and pressure on existing rocks

7.

The process by which different minerals crystallize at different temperatures during cooling is called:

a)

Differentiation

b)

Metamorphism

c)

Lithification

d)

Sedimentation

8.

The first mineral to crystallize in Bowen’s Reaction Series is:

a)

Quartz

b)

Olivine

c)

Biotite

d)

Feldspar

9.

Minerals rich in iron and magnesium are called:

a)

Felsic

b)

Mafic

c)

Ultramafic

d)

Silicic

10.

Felsic minerals are rich in:

a)

Iron and magnesium

b)

Silica, aluminum, sodium, and potassium

c)

Carbon and sulfur

d)

Nickel and cobalt

11.

Two types of igneous rocks are:

a)

Sedimentary and metamorphic

b)

Volcanic (extrusive) and plutonic (intrusive)

c)

Organic and clastic

d)

Foliated and non-foliated

12.

Which igneous rock cools slowly beneath Earth’s surface?

a)

Basalt

b)

Granite

c)

Andesite

d)

Rhyolite

13.

Which igneous rock cools rapidly on Earth’s surface?

a)

Gabbro

b)

Basalt

c)

Granite

d)

Diorite

14.

Vesicular basalt forms when:

a)

Magma has high silica

b)

Magma has low viscosity and gas bubbles get trapped

c)

Magma cools slowly underground

d)

Pressure is constant

15.

Mt. Kinabalu in Malaysia is made of:

a)

Basaltic lava

b)

Plutonic granite uplifted and exposed

c)

Volcanic ash

d)

Gneissic layers

16.

Peridotite is:

a)

Felsic intrusive rock

b)

Ultramafic rock forming most of the upper mantle

c)

Sedimentary rock

d)

Metamorphic rock

17.

Sedimentary rocks form through:

a)

Cooling of magma

b)

Lithification of sediments

c)

Melting of rocks

d)

High pressure and heat

18.

The process that turns sediments into solid rock is called:

a)

Melting

b)

Lithification

c)

Weathering

d)

Subduction

19.

Clastic sedimentary rocks are formed from:

a)

Plant remains

b)

Fragments of pre-existing rocks

c)

Crystals from solution

d)

Volcanic glass

20.

Clastic rocks make up approximately:

a)

25% of sedimentary rocks

b)

50%

c)

85%

d)

100%

21.

Examples of clastic sedimentary rocks include:

a)

Coal and chert

b)

Limestone and dolomite

c)

Sandstone, siltstone, and shale

d)

Granite and basalt

22.

The main processes in lithification are:

a)

Erosion and transportation

b)

Compaction and cementation

c)

Crystallization and melting

d)

Evaporation and precipitation

23.

Coal is an example of:

a)

Chemical sedimentary rock

b)

Organic sedimentary rock

c)

Clastic sedimentary rock

d)

Volcanic rock

24.

Chert is composed mainly of:

a)

Calcite

b)

Silica (quartz)

c)

Iron oxide

d)

Carbon

25.

Flint is:

a)

A dark variety of chert

b)

Type of basalt

c)

Foliated rock

d)

Volcanic glass

26.

Rock salt forms through:

a)

Cooling of magma

b)

Precipitation of dissolved salts during evaporation

c)

Cementation of sand

d)

Metamorphism

27.

The most common chemical sedimentary rock is:

a)

Gypsum

b)

Dolomite

c)

Limestone

d)

Rock salt

28.

Dolomite forms when:

a)

Silica replaces calcium

b)

Magnesium replaces calcium in limestone

c)

Saltwater evaporates

d)

Plant remains decay

29.

Chemical formula of dolomite:

a)

CaCO₃

b)

CaMg(CO₃)₂

c)

MgSiO₃

d)

CaO

30.

Bioclastic sedimentary rocks are formed from:

a)

Plant matter

b)

Carbonate shells and organic fragments

c)

Volcanic lava

d)

Evaporated salts

31.

Examples of bioclastic rocks include:

a)

Chalk, coquina, and limestone

b)

Sandstone, shale, and mudstone

c)

Dolomite and halite

d)

Granite and basalt

32.

Bedding or stratification refers to:

a)

Folding of rocks

b)

Layering during sediment deposition

c)

Melting and cooling

d)

Metamorphic banding

33.

Cross-bedding indicates:

a)

Rapid erosion

b)

Shifting wind or water currents

c)

Folding under pressure

d)

Fault displacement

34.

Ripple marks are formed by:

a)

Chemical precipitation

b)

Wind or moving water

c)

Earthquakes

d)

Magma movement

35.

Graded bedding occurs when:

a)

Grain size decreases upward in a layer

b)

Rock fractures along layers

c)

Minerals align

d)

Crystals grow from solution

36.

Mud cracks form due to:

a)

Rapid cooling of lava

b)

Shrinkage of drying mud

c)

Compaction

d)

Subduction

37.

Fossils are:

a)

Crystals formed under pressure

b)

Remains or traces of past life preserved in rocks

c)

Volcanic deposits

d)

Layers of clay minerals

38.

Metamorphism means:

a)

Weathering of rocks

b)

Melting into magma

c)

Changing form of pre-existing rocks by heat and pressure

d)

Sediment compaction

39.

The parent rock before metamorphism is called:

a)

Source rock

b)

Protolith

c)

Substrate

d)

Nucleus

40.

Metamorphism can change:

a)

Only igneous rocks

b)

Only sedimentary rocks

c)

Any rock type

d)

Only volcanic rocks

41.

Foliation in metamorphic rocks is caused by:

a)

Equal pressure in all directions

b)

Differential and compressive stress

c)

Melting

d)

Magnetic forces

42.

The two main types of metamorphism are:

a)

Contact and regional

b)

Dynamic and hydrothermal

c)

Thermal and volcanic

d)

Static and compressional

43.

Regional metamorphism occurs under:

a)

Low pressure and temperature

b)

High pressure and temperature over large areas

c)

Contact with magma only

d)

Chemical weathering

44.

Contact metamorphism occurs when:

a)

Magma intrudes surrounding rocks

b)

Rocks are buried deeply

c)

Water alters minerals

d)

Pressure is uniform

45.

The metamorphic zone surrounding an intrusion is called:

a)

Facies

b)

Halo or aureole

c)

Rift

d)

Vein

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