A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon moves in front of the Sun and hides at least some part of the Sun from the

earth. In a partial eclipse, the Moon covers part of the Sun; in an annular eclipse, the Moon covers the center of the

Sun, leaving a bright ring of light around the Moon; in a total eclipse, the Sun is completely covered by the Moon.

It seems rather improbable that a celestial body the size of the Moon could completely block out the tremendously

immense Sun, as happens during a total eclipse, but this is exactly what happens. Although the Moon is

considerably smaller in size than the Sun, the Moon is able to cover the Sun because of their relative distances

from Earth. A total eclipse can last up to 7 minutes, during which time the Moon’s shadow moves across Earth at a

rate of about 0.6 kilometers per second.

In which type of eclipse is the Sun obscured in its entirety?

A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon moves in front of the Sun and hides at least some part of the Sun from the

earth. In a partial eclipse, the Moon covers part of the Sun; in an annular eclipse, the Moon covers the center of the

Sun, leaving a bright ring of light around the Moon; in a total eclipse, the Sun is completely covered by the Moon.

It seems rather improbable that a celestial body the size of the Moon could completely block out the tremendously

immense Sun, as happens during a total eclipse, but this is exactly what happens. Although the Moon is

considerably smaller in size than the Sun, the Moon is able to cover the Sun because of their relative distances

from Earth. A total eclipse can last up to 7 minutes, during which time the Moon’s shadow moves across Earth at a

rate of about 0.6 kilometers per second.

The word “ring” could best be replaced by

A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon moves in front of the Sun and hides at least some part of the Sun from the

earth. In a partial eclipse, the Moon covers part of the Sun; in an annular eclipse, the Moon covers the center of the

Sun, leaving a bright ring of light around the Moon; in a total eclipse, the Sun is completely covered by the Moon.

It seems rather improbable that a celestial body the size of the Moon could completely block out the tremendously

immense Sun, as happens during a total eclipse, but this is exactly what happens. Although the Moon is

considerably smaller in size than the Sun, the Moon is able to cover the Sun because of their relative distances

from Earth. A total eclipse can last up to 7 minutes, during which time the Moon’s shadow moves across Earth at a

rate of about 0.6 kilometers per second.

A “celestial body” is most probably one that is found

A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon moves in front of the Sun and hides at least some part of the Sun from the

earth. In a partial eclipse, the Moon covers part of the Sun; in an annular eclipse, the Moon covers the center of the

Sun, leaving a bright ring of light around the Moon; in a total eclipse, the Sun is completely covered by the Moon.

It seems rather improbable that a celestial body the size of the Moon could completely block out the tremendously

immense Sun, as happens during a total eclipse, but this is exactly what happens. Although the Moon is

considerably smaller in size than the Sun, the Moon is able to cover the Sun because of their relative distances

from Earth. A total eclipse can last up to 7 minutes, during which time the Moon’s shadow moves across Earth at a

rate of about 0.6 kilometers per second.

What is the meaning of “block out”?

A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon moves in front of the Sun and hides at least some part of the Sun from the

earth. In a partial eclipse, the Moon covers part of the Sun; in an annular eclipse, the Moon covers the center of the

Sun, leaving a bright ring of light around the Moon; in a total eclipse, the Sun is completely covered by the Moon.

It seems rather improbable that a celestial body the size of the Moon could completely block out the tremendously

immense Sun, as happens during a total eclipse, but this is exactly what happens. Although the Moon is

considerably smaller in size than the Sun, the Moon is able to cover the Sun because of their relative distances

from Earth. A total eclipse can last up to 7 minutes, during which time the Moon’s shadow moves across Earth at a

rate of about 0.6 kilometers per second.

According to the passage, how can the Moon hide the Sun during a total eclipse?

A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon moves in front of the Sun and hides at least some part of the Sun from the

earth. In a partial eclipse, the Moon covers part of the Sun; in an annular eclipse, the Moon covers the center of the

Sun, leaving a bright ring of light around the Moon; in a total eclipse, the Sun is completely covered by the Moon.

It seems rather improbable that a celestial body the size of the Moon could completely block out the tremendously

immense Sun, as happens during a total eclipse, but this is exactly what happens. Although the Moon is

considerably smaller in size than the Sun, the Moon is able to cover the Sun because of their relative distances

from Earth. A total eclipse can last up to 7 minutes, during which time the Moon’s shadow moves across Earth at a

rate of about 0.6 kilometers per second.

The word “relative” could best be replaced by

A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon moves in front of the Sun and hides at least some part of the Sun from the

earth. In a partial eclipse, the Moon covers part of the Sun; in an annular eclipse, the Moon covers the center of the

Sun, leaving a bright ring of light around the Moon; in a total eclipse, the Sun is completely covered by the Moon.

It seems rather improbable that a celestial body the size of the Moon could completely block out the tremendously

immense Sun, as happens during a total eclipse, but this is exactly what happens. Although the Moon is

considerably smaller in size than the Sun, the Moon is able to cover the Sun because of their relative distances

from Earth. A total eclipse can last up to 7 minutes, during which time the Moon’s shadow moves across Earth at a

rate of about 0.6 kilometers per second.

The passage states that which of the following happens during an eclipse?

A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon moves in front of the Sun and hides at least some part of the Sun from the

earth. In a partial eclipse, the Moon covers part of the Sun; in an annular eclipse, the Moon covers the center of the

Sun, leaving a bright ring of light around the Moon; in a total eclipse, the Sun is completely covered by the Moon.

It seems rather improbable that a celestial body the size of the Moon could completely block out the tremendously

immense Sun, as happens during a total eclipse, but this is exactly what happens. Although the Moon is

considerably smaller in size than the Sun, the Moon is able to cover the Sun because of their relative distances

from Earth. A total eclipse can last up to 7 minutes, during which time the Moon’s shadow moves across Earth at a

rate of about 0.6 kilometers per second.

The word “rate” is closest in meaning to

A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon moves in front of the Sun and hides at least some part of

the Sun from the earth. In a partial eclipse, the Moon covers part of the Sun; in an annular eclipse,

the Moon covers the center of the Sun, leaving a bright ring of light around the Moon; in a total

eclipse, the Sun is completely covered by the Moon.

It seems rather improbable that a celestial body the size of the Moon could completely block out

the tremendously immense Sun, as happens during a total eclipse, but this is exactly what happens.

Although the Moon is considerably smaller in size than the Sun, the Moon is able to cover the Sun

because of their relative distances from Earth. A total eclipse can last up to 7 minutes, during which

time the Moon’s shadow moves across Earth at a rate of about 0.6 kilometers per second.

Where in the passage does the author mention the rate of a total eclipse?

While the bald eagle is one national symbol of the United States, it is not the only one. Uncle Sam, a bearded

gentleman costumed in the red, white, and blue stars and stripes of the nation’s flag, is another well-known

national symbol. According to legend, this character is based on Samuel Wilson, the owner of a meat-packing

business in Troy, New York. During the War of 1812, Sam Wilson’s company was granted a government contract

to supply meat to the nation’s soldiers; this meat was supplied to the army in barrels stamped with the initials U.S.,

which stood for United States. However, the country was at that time relatively young, and the initials U.S. were

not commonly used. Many people questioned what the initials represented, and the standard reply became “Uncle

Sam,” for the owner of the barrels. It is now generally accepted that the figure of Uncle Sam is based on Samuel

Wilson, and the U.S. Congress has made it official by adopting a resolution naming Samuel Wilson as the

inspiration for Uncle Sam.

The paragraph preceding this passage most probably discusses

While the bald eagle is one national symbol of the United States, it is not the only one. Uncle Sam, a bearded

gentleman costumed in the red, white, and blue stars and stripes of the nation’s flag, is another well-known

national symbol. According to legend, this character is based on Samuel Wilson, the owner of a meat-packing

business in Troy, New York. During the War of 1812, Sam Wilson’s company was granted a government contract

to supply meat to the nation’s soldiers; this meat was supplied to the army in barrels stamped with the initials U.S.,

which stood for United States. However, the country was at that time relatively young, and the initials U.S. were

not commonly used. Many people questioned what the initials represented, and the standard reply became “Uncle

Sam,” for the owner of the barrels. It is now generally accepted that the figure of Uncle Sam is based on Samuel

Wilson, and the U.S. Congress has made it official by adopting a resolution naming Samuel Wilson as the

inspiration for Uncle Sam.

Which of the following is the most appropriate title for this passage?

While the bald eagle is one national symbol of the United States, it is not the only one. Uncle Sam, a bearded

gentleman costumed in the red, white, and blue stars and stripes of the nation’s flag, is another well-known

national symbol. According to legend, this character is based on Samuel Wilson, the owner of a meat-packing

business in Troy, New York. During the War of 1812, Sam Wilson’s company was granted a government contract

to supply meat to the nation’s soldiers; this meat was supplied to the army in barrels stamped with the initials U.S.,

which stood for United States. However, the country was at that time relatively young, and the initials U.S. were

not commonly used. Many people questioned what the initials represented, and the standard reply became “Uncle

Sam,” for the owner of the barrels. It is now generally accepted that the figure of Uncle Sam is based on Samuel

Wilson, and the U.S. Congress has made it official by adopting a resolution naming Samuel Wilson as the

inspiration for Uncle Sam.

Which of the following is NOT mentioned about Uncle Sam’s appearance?

While the bald eagle is one national symbol of the United States, it is not the only one. Uncle Sam, a bearded

gentleman costumed in the red, white, and blue stars and stripes of the nation’s flag, is another well-known

national symbol. According to legend, this character is based on Samuel Wilson, the owner of a meat-packing

business in Troy, New York. During the War of 1812, Sam Wilson’s company was granted a government contract

to supply meat to the nation’s soldiers; this meat was supplied to the army in barrels stamped with the initials U.S.,

which stood for United States. However, the country was at that time relatively young, and the initials U.S. were

not commonly used. Many people questioned what the initials represented, and the standard reply became “Uncle

Sam,” for the owner of the barrels. It is now generally accepted that the figure of Uncle Sam is based on Samuel

Wilson, and the U.S. Congress has made it official by adopting a resolution naming Samuel Wilson as the

inspiration for Uncle Sam.

The word “costumed” in line 2 could most easily be replaced by

While the bald eagle is one national symbol of the United States, it is not the only one. Uncle Sam, a bearded

gentleman costumed in the red, white, and blue stars and stripes of the nation’s flag, is another well-known

national symbol. According to legend, this character is based on Samuel Wilson, the owner of a meat-packing

business in Troy, New York. During the War of 1812, Sam Wilson’s company was granted a government contract

to supply meat to the nation’s soldiers; this meat was supplied to the army in barrels stamped with the initials U.S.,

which stood for United States. However, the country was at that time relatively young, and the initials U.S. were

not commonly used. Many people questioned what the initials represented, and the standard reply became “Uncle

Sam,” for the owner of the barrels. It is now generally accepted that the figure of Uncle Sam is based on Samuel

Wilson, and the U.S. Congress has made it official by adopting a resolution naming Samuel Wilson as the

inspiration for Uncle Sam.

Sam Wilson was the proprietor of what type of business?

While the bald eagle is one national symbol of the United States, it is not the only one. Uncle Sam, a bearded

gentleman costumed in the red, white, and blue stars and stripes of the nation’s flag, is another well-known

national symbol. According to legend, this character is based on Samuel Wilson, the owner of a meat-packing

business in Troy, New York. During the War of 1812, Sam Wilson’s company was granted a government contract

to supply meat to the nation’s soldiers; this meat was supplied to the army in barrels stamped with the initials U.S.,

which stood for United States. However, the country was at that time relatively young, and the initials U.S. were

not commonly used. Many people questioned what the initials represented, and the standard reply became “Uncle

Sam,” for the owner of the barrels. It is now generally accepted that the figure of Uncle Sam is based on Samuel

Wilson, and the U.S. Congress has made it official by adopting a resolution naming Samuel Wilson as the

inspiration for Uncle Sam.

The word “granted” in line 5 means

While the bald eagle is one national symbol of the United States, it is not the only one. Uncle Sam, a bearded

gentleman costumed in the red, white, and blue stars and stripes of the nation’s flag, is another well-known

national symbol. According to legend, this character is based on Samuel Wilson, the owner of a meat-packing

business in Troy, New York. During the War of 1812, Sam Wilson’s company was granted a government contract

to supply meat to the nation’s soldiers; this meat was supplied to the army in barrels stamped with the initials U.S.,

which stood for United States. However, the country was at that time relatively young, and the initials U.S. were

not commonly used. Many people questioned what the initials represented, and the standard reply became “Uncle

Sam,” for the owner of the barrels. It is now generally accepted that the figure of Uncle Sam is based on Samuel

Wilson, and the U.S. Congress has made it official by adopting a resolution naming Samuel Wilson as the

inspiration for Uncle Sam.

According to the passage, what was in the barrels stamped U.S.?

While the bald eagle is one national symbol of the United States, it is not the only one. Uncle Sam, a bearded

gentleman costumed in the red, white, and blue stars and stripes of the nation’s flag, is another well-known

national symbol. According to legend, this character is based on Samuel Wilson, the owner of a meat-packing

business in Troy, New York. During the War of 1812, Sam Wilson’s company was granted a government contract

to supply meat to the nation’s soldiers; this meat was supplied to the army in barrels stamped with the initials U.S.,

which stood for United States. However, the country was at that time relatively young, and the initials U.S. were

not commonly used. Many people questioned what the initials represented, and the standard reply became “Uncle

Sam,” for the owner of the barrels. It is now generally accepted that the figure of Uncle Sam is based on Samuel

Wilson, and the U.S. Congress has made it official by adopting a resolution naming Samuel Wilson as the

inspiration for Uncle Sam.

The word “initials” in line 6 means

While the bald eagle is one national symbol of the United States, it is not the only one. Uncle Sam, a bearded

gentleman costumed in the red, white, and blue stars and stripes of the nation’s flag, is another well-known

national symbol. According to legend, this character is based on Samuel Wilson, the owner of a meat-packing

business in Troy, New York. During the War of 1812, Sam Wilson’s company was granted a government contract

to supply meat to the nation’s soldiers; this meat was supplied to the army in barrels stamped with the initials U.S.,

which stood for United States. However, the country was at that time relatively young, and the initials U.S. were

not commonly used. Many people questioned what the initials represented, and the standard reply became “Uncle

Sam,” for the owner of the barrels. It is now generally accepted that the figure of Uncle Sam is based on Samuel

Wilson, and the U.S. Congress has made it official by adopting a resolution naming Samuel Wilson as the

inspiration for Uncle Sam.

The word “official” in line 10 is closest in meaning to

While the bald eagle is one national symbol of the United States, it is not the only one. Uncle Sam, a bearded

gentleman costumed in the red, white, and blue stars and stripes of the nation’s flag, is another well-known

national symbol. According to legend, this character is based on Samuel Wilson, the owner of a meat-packing

business in Troy, New York. During the War of 1812, Sam Wilson’s company was granted a government contract

to supply meat to the nation’s soldiers; this meat was supplied to the army in barrels stamped with the initials U.S.,

which stood for United States. However, the country was at that time relatively young, and the initials U.S. were

not commonly used. Many people questioned what the initials represented, and the standard reply became “Uncle

Sam,” for the owner of the barrels. It is now generally accepted that the figure of Uncle Sam is based on Samuel

Wilson, and the U.S. Congress has made it official by adopting a resolution naming Samuel Wilson as the

inspiration for Uncle Sam.

In 1812, people most probably answered that the letters “U.S” written on the barrels stood for “Uncle Sam” because

Most people think of deserts as dry, flat areas with little vegetation and little or no rainfall, but this is hardly true.

Many deserts have varied geographical formations ranging from soft, rolling hills to stark, jagged cliffs, and most

deserts have a permanent source of water. Although deserts do not receive a high amount of rainfall—to be

classified as a desert, an area must get less than twenty-five centimeters of rainfall per year—there are many plants

that thrive on only small amounts of water, and desert are often full of such plants life.

Desert plants have a variety of mechanisms for obtaining the water needed for survival. Some plants, such as the

cactus, are able to store large amounts of water in their leaves or stems; after a rainfall these plants absorb a large

supply of water to last until the next rainfall. Other plants, such as the mesquite, have extraordinarily deep root

systems that allow them to obtain water from far below the desert’s arid surface.

What is the main topic of the passage?

Most people think of deserts as dry, flat areas with little vegetation and little or no rainfall, but this is hardly true.

Many deserts have varied geographical formations ranging from soft, rolling hills to stark, jagged cliffs, and most

deserts have a permanent source of water. Although deserts do not receive a high amount of rainfall—to be

classified as a desert, an area must get less than twenty-five centimeters of rainfall per year—there are many plants

that thrive on only small amounts of water, and desert are often full of such plants life.

Desert plants have a variety of mechanisms for obtaining the water needed for survival. Some plants, such as the

cactus, are able to store large amounts of water in their leaves or stems; after a rainfall these plants absorb a large

supply of water to last until the next rainfall. Other plants, such as the mesquite, have extraordinarily deep root

systems that allow them to obtain water from far below the desert’s arid surface.

The passage implies that

Most people think of deserts as dry, flat areas with little vegetation and little or no rainfall, but this is hardly true.

Many deserts have varied geographical formations ranging from soft, rolling hills to stark, jagged cliffs, and most

deserts have a permanent source of water. Although deserts do not receive a high amount of rainfall—to be

classified as a desert, an area must get less than twenty-five centimeters of rainfall per year—there are many plants

that thrive on only small amounts of water, and desert are often full of such plants life.

Desert plants have a variety of mechanisms for obtaining the water needed for survival. Some plants, such as the

cactus, are able to store large amounts of water in their leaves or stems; after a rainfall these plants absorb a large

supply of water to last until the next rainfall. Other plants, such as the mesquite, have extraordinarily deep root

systems that allow them to obtain water from far below the desert’s arid surface.

The passage describes the geography of deserts as

Most people think of deserts as dry, flat areas with little vegetation and little or no rainfall, but this is hardly true.

Many deserts have varied geographical formations ranging from soft, rolling hills to stark, jagged cliffs, and most

deserts have a permanent source of water. Although deserts do not receive a high amount of rainfall—to be

classified as a desert, an area must get less than twenty-five centimeters of rainfall per year—there are many plants

that thrive on only small amounts of water, and desert are often full of such plants life.

Desert plants have a variety of mechanisms for obtaining the water needed for survival. Some plants, such as the

cactus, are able to store large amounts of water in their leaves or stems; after a rainfall these plants absorb a large

supply of water to last until the next rainfall. Other plants, such as the mesquite, have extraordinarily deep root

systems that allow them to obtain water from far below the desert’s arid surface.

The word “source” in line 3 means

Most people think of deserts as dry, flat areas with little vegetation and little or no rainfall, but this is hardly true.

Many deserts have varied geographical formations ranging from soft, rolling hills to stark, jagged cliffs, and most

deserts have a permanent source of water. Although deserts do not receive a high amount of rainfall—to be

classified as a desert, an area must get less than twenty-five centimeters of rainfall per year—there are many plants

that thrive on only small amounts of water, and desert are often full of such plants life.

Desert plants have a variety of mechanisms for obtaining the water needed for survival. Some plants, such as the

cactus, are able to store large amounts of water in their leaves or stems; after a rainfall these plants absorb a large

supply of water to last until the next rainfall. Other plants, such as the mesquite, have extraordinarily deep root

systems that allow them to obtain water from far below the desert’s arid surface.

According to the passage, what causes an area to be classified as a desert?

Most people think of deserts as dry, flat areas with little vegetation and little or no rainfall, but this is hardly true.

Many deserts have varied geographical formations ranging from soft, rolling hills to stark, jagged cliffs, and most

deserts have a permanent source of water. Although deserts do not receive a high amount of rainfall—to be

classified as a desert, an area must get less than twenty-five centimeters of rainfall per year—there are many plants

that thrive on only small amounts of water, and desert are often full of such plants life.

Desert plants have a variety of mechanisms for obtaining the water needed for survival. Some plants, such as the

cactus, are able to store large amounts of water in their leaves or stems; after a rainfall these plants absorb a large

supply of water to last until the next rainfall. Other plants, such as the mesquite, have extraordinarily deep root

systems that allow them to obtain water from far below the desert’s arid surface.

The word “thrive” in line 5 means

Most people think of deserts as dry, flat areas with little vegetation and little or no rainfall, but this is hardly true.

Many deserts have varied geographical formations ranging from soft, rolling hills to stark, jagged cliffs, and most

deserts have a permanent source of water. Although deserts do not receive a high amount of rainfall—to be

classified as a desert, an area must get less than twenty-five centimeters of rainfall per year—there are many plants

that thrive on only small amounts of water, and desert are often full of such plants life.

Desert plants have a variety of mechanisms for obtaining the water needed for survival. Some plants, such as the

cactus, are able to store large amounts of water in their leaves or stems; after a rainfall these plants absorb a large

supply of water to last until the next rainfall. Other plants, such as the mesquite, have extraordinarily deep root

systems that allow them to obtain water from far below the desert’s arid surface.

The word “mechanisms” in line 7 could most easily be replaced by

Most people think of deserts as dry, flat areas with little vegetation and little or no rainfall, but this is hardly true.

Many deserts have varied geographical formations ranging from soft, rolling hills to stark, jagged cliffs, and most

deserts have a permanent source of water. Although deserts do not receive a high amount of rainfall—to be

classified as a desert, an area must get less than twenty-five centimeters of rainfall per year—there are many plants

that thrive on only small amounts of water, and desert are often full of such plants life.

Desert plants have a variety of mechanisms for obtaining the water needed for survival. Some plants, such as the

cactus, are able to store large amounts of water in their leaves or stems; after a rainfall these plants absorb a large

supply of water to last until the next rainfall. Other plants, such as the mesquite, have extraordinarily deep root

systems that allow them to obtain water from far below the desert’s arid surface.

Which of the following is mentioned in the passage about the cactus?

Most people think of deserts as dry, flat areas with little vegetation and little or no rainfall, but this is hardly true.

Many deserts have varied geographical formations ranging from soft, rolling hills to stark, jagged cliffs, and most

deserts have a permanent source of water. Although deserts do not receive a high amount of rainfall—to be

classified as a desert, an area must get less than twenty-five centimeters of rainfall per year—there are many plants

that thrive on only small amounts of water, and desert are often full of such plants life.

Desert plants have a variety of mechanisms for obtaining the water needed for survival. Some plants, such as the

cactus, are able to store large amounts of water in their leaves or stems; after a rainfall these plants absorb a large

supply of water to last until the next rainfall. Other plants, such as the mesquite, have extraordinarily deep root

systems that allow them to obtain water from far below the desert’s arid surface.

“Mesquite” in line 9 is probably

Most people think of deserts as dry, flat areas with little vegetation and little or no rainfall, but this is hardly true.

Many deserts have varied geographical formations ranging from soft, rolling hills to stark, jagged cliffs, and most

deserts have a permanent source of water. Although deserts do not receive a high amount of rainfall—to be

classified as a desert, an area must get less than twenty-five centimeters of rainfall per year—there are many plants

that thrive on only small amounts of water, and desert are often full of such plants life.

Desert plants have a variety of mechanisms for obtaining the water needed for survival. Some plants, such as the

cactus, are able to store large amounts of water in their leaves or stems; after a rainfall these plants absorb a large

supply of water to last until the next rainfall. Other plants, such as the mesquite, have extraordinarily deep root

systems that allow them to obtain water from far below the desert’s arid surface.

The word “arid” in line 11 means

Most people think of deserts as dry, flat areas with little vegetation and little or no rainfall, but

this is hardly true. Many deserts have varied geographical formations ranging from soft, rolling hills

to stark, jagged cliffs, and most deserts have a permanent source of water. Although deserts do not

receive a high amount of rainfall—to be classified as a desert, an area must get less than twenty-five

centimeters of rainfall per year—there are many plants that thrive on only small amounts of water,

and desert are often full of such plants life.

Desert plants have a variety of mechanisms for obtaining the water needed for survival. Some

plants, such as the cactus, are able to store large amounts of water in their leaves or stems; after a rainfall

these plants absorb a large supply of water to last until the next rainfall. Other plants, such as the

mesquite, have extraordinarily deep root systems that allow them to obtain water from far below the

desert’s arid surface.

Where in the passage, does the author describe desert vegetation that keeps water in its leaves?

American jazz is a conglomeration of sounds borrowed from such varied sources as American and African folk

music, European classical music, and Christian gospel songs. One of the more recognizable characteristics of jazz

is its use of improvisation: certain parts of the music are written and played the same way by various performers,

other improvised parts are created spontaneously during a performance and vary widely from performer to

performer.

The earliest forms of jazz was ragtime, lively songs or rags performed on the piano, and the best-known ragtime

performer and composer was Scott Joplin. Born in 1868 to former slaves, Scott Joplin earned his living from a very

early age playing the piano in bars along the Mississippi. One of his regular jobs was in the Maple Leaf Rag in

Sedalia, Missouri. It was there that he began writing more than 500 compositions that he was to produce, the most

famous of which was The Maple Leaf Rag

This passage is about

American jazz is a conglomeration of sounds borrowed from such varied sources as American and African folk

music, European classical music, and Christian gospel songs. One of the more recognizable characteristics of jazz

is its use of improvisation: certain parts of the music are written and played the same way by various performers,

other improvised parts are created spontaneously during a performance and vary widely from performer to

performer.

The earliest forms of jazz was ragtime, lively songs or rags performed on the piano, and the best-known ragtime

performer and composer was Scott Joplin. Born in 1868 to former slaves, Scott Joplin earned his living from a very

early age playing the piano in bars along the Mississippi. One of his regular jobs was in the Maple Leaf Rag in

Sedalia, Missouri. It was there that he began writing more than 500 compositions that he was to produce, the most

famous of which was The Maple Leaf Rag

The word “conglomeration” in line 1 could best be replaced by

American jazz is a conglomeration of sounds borrowed from such varied sources as American and African folk

music, European classical music, and Christian gospel songs. One of the more recognizable characteristics of jazz

is its use of improvisation: certain parts of the music are written and played the same way by various performers,

other improvised parts are created spontaneously during a performance and vary widely from performer to

performer.

The earliest forms of jazz was ragtime, lively songs or rags performed on the piano, and the best-known ragtime

performer and composer was Scott Joplin. Born in 1868 to former slaves, Scott Joplin earned his living from a very

early age playing the piano in bars along the Mississippi. One of his regular jobs was in the Maple Leaf Rag in

Sedalia, Missouri. It was there that he began writing more than 500 compositions that he was to produce, the most

famous of which was The Maple Leaf Rag

In line 3, the word “improvisation” involves which of the following?

American jazz is a conglomeration of sounds borrowed from such varied sources as American and African folk

music, European classical music, and Christian gospel songs. One of the more recognizable characteristics of jazz

is its use of improvisation: certain parts of the music are written and played the same way by various performers,

other improvised parts are created spontaneously during a performance and vary widely from performer to

performer.

The earliest forms of jazz was ragtime, lively songs or rags performed on the piano, and the best-known ragtime

performer and composer was Scott Joplin. Born in 1868 to former slaves, Scott Joplin earned his living from a very

early age playing the piano in bars along the Mississippi. One of his regular jobs was in the Maple Leaf Rag in

Sedalia, Missouri. It was there that he began writing more than 500 compositions that he was to produce, the most

famous of which was The Maple Leaf Rag

According to the passage, ragtime was

American jazz is a conglomeration of sounds borrowed from such varied sources as American and African folk

music, European classical music, and Christian gospel songs. One of the more recognizable characteristics of jazz

is its use of improvisation: certain parts of the music are written and played the same way by various performers,

other improvised parts are created spontaneously during a performance and vary widely from performer to

performer.

The earliest forms of jazz was ragtime, lively songs or rags performed on the piano, and the best-known ragtime

performer and composer was Scott Joplin. Born in 1868 to former slaves, Scott Joplin earned his living from a very

early age playing the piano in bars along the Mississippi. One of his regular jobs was in the Maple Leaf Rag in

Sedalia, Missouri. It was there that he began writing more than 500 compositions that he was to produce, the most

famous of which was The Maple Leaf Rag

Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?

American jazz is a conglomeration of sounds borrowed from such varied sources as American and African folk

music, European classical music, and Christian gospel songs. One of the more recognizable characteristics of jazz

is its use of improvisation: certain parts of the music are written and played the same way by various performers,

other improvised parts are created spontaneously during a performance and vary widely from performer to

performer.

The earliest forms of jazz was ragtime, lively songs or rags performed on the piano, and the best-known ragtime

performer and composer was Scott Joplin. Born in 1868 to former slaves, Scott Joplin earned his living from a very

early age playing the piano in bars along the Mississippi. One of his regular jobs was in the Maple Leaf Rag in

Sedalia, Missouri. It was there that he began writing more than 500 compositions that he was to produce, the most

famous of which was The Maple Leaf Rag

The word “living” in line 8 could most easily be replaced by

American jazz is a conglomeration of sounds borrowed from such varied sources as American and African folk

music, European classical music, and Christian gospel songs. One of the more recognizable characteristics of jazz

is its use of improvisation: certain parts of the music are written and played the same way by various performers,

other improvised parts are created spontaneously during a performance and vary widely from performer to

performer.

The earliest forms of jazz was ragtime, lively songs or rags performed on the piano, and the best-known ragtime

performer and composer was Scott Joplin. Born in 1868 to former slaves, Scott Joplin earned his living from a very

early age playing the piano in bars along the Mississippi. One of his regular jobs was in the Maple Leaf Rag in

Sedalia, Missouri. It was there that he began writing more than 500 compositions that he was to produce, the most

famous of which was The Maple Leaf Rag

The word “regular” in line 9 could best be replaced by

American jazz is a conglomeration of sounds borrowed from such varied sources as American and African folk

music, European classical music, and Christian gospel songs. One of the more recognizable characteristics of jazz

is its use of improvisation: certain parts of the music are written and played the same way by various performers,

other improvised parts are created spontaneously during a performance and vary widely from performer to

performer.

The earliest forms of jazz was ragtime, lively songs or rags performed on the piano, and the best-known ragtime

performer and composer was Scott Joplin. Born in 1868 to former slaves, Scott Joplin earned his living from a very

early age playing the piano in bars along the Mississippi. One of his regular jobs was in the Maple Leaf Rag in

Sedalia, Missouri. It was there that he began writing more than 500 compositions that he was to produce, the most

famous of which was The Maple Leaf Rag

The word “which” in line 10 refers to

American jazz is a conglomeration of sounds borrowed from such varied sources as American and African folk

music, European classical music, and Christian gospel songs. One of the more recognizable characteristics of jazz

is its use of improvisation: certain parts of the music are written and played the same way by various performers,

other improvised parts are created spontaneously during a performance and vary widely from performer to

performer.

The earliest forms of jazz was ragtime, lively songs or rags performed on the piano, and the best-known ragtime

performer and composer was Scott Joplin. Born in 1868 to former slaves, Scott Joplin earned his living from a very

early age playing the piano in bars along the Mississippi. One of his regular jobs was in the Maple Leaf Rag in

Sedalia, Missouri. It was there that he began writing more than 500 compositions that he was to produce, the most

famous of which was The Maple Leaf Rag

The name of Scott Joplin’s most famous composition probably came from

American jazz is a conglomeration of sounds borrowed from such varied sources as American and African folk

music, European classical music, and Christian gospel songs. One of the more recognizable characteristics of jazz

is its use of improvisation: certain parts of the music are written and played the same way by various performers,

other improvised parts are created spontaneously during a performance and vary widely from performer to

performer.

The earliest forms of jazz was ragtime, lively songs or rags performed on the piano, and the best-known ragtime

performer and composer was Scott Joplin. Born in 1868 to former slaves, Scott Joplin earned his living from a very

early age playing the piano in bars along the Mississippi. One of his regular jobs was in the Maple Leaf Rag in

Sedalia, Missouri. It was there that he began writing more than 500 compositions that he was to produce, the most

famous of which was The Maple Leaf Rag

The paragraph following the passage probably discusses

The idea of determinism, that no event occurs in nature without natural causes, has been

postulated as a natural law yet is under attack on both scientific and philosophical grounds. Scientific

laws assume that a specific set of conditions will unerringly lead to a predetermined outcome.

However, studies in the field of physics have demonstrated that the location and speed of minuscule

particles such as electrons are the result of random behaviors rather than predictable results

determined by pre-existing conditions. As a result of these studies, the principle of indeterminacy was

formulated in 1925 by Werner Heisenberg. According to this principle, only the probable behavior of

an electron can be predicted. The inability to absolutely predict the behavior of electrons casts doubt

on the universal applicability of a natural law of determinism. Philosophical, the principal

opposition to determinism emanates from those who see human as creatures in possession of free

will. Human decisions may be influenced by previous events, but the ultimate freedom of humanity

may possibly lead to unforeseen choices, those not preordained by predictable laws.

It is implied in the passage that a natural law is

The idea of determinism, that no event occurs in nature without natural causes, has been

postulated as a natural law yet is under attack on both scientific and philosophical grounds. Scientific

laws assume that a specific set of conditions will unerringly lead to a predetermined outcome.

However, studies in the field of physics have demonstrated that the location and speed of minuscule

particles such as electrons are the result of random behaviors rather than predictable results

determined by pre-existing conditions. As a result of these studies, the principle of indeterminacy was

formulated in 1925 by Werner Heisenberg. According to this principle, only the probable behavior of

an electron can be predicted. The inability to absolutely predict the behavior of electrons casts doubt

on the universal applicability of a natural law of determinism. Philosophical, the principal

opposition to determinism emanates from those who see human as creatures in possession of free

will. Human decisions may be influenced by previous events, but the ultimate freedom of humanity

may possibly lead to unforeseen choices, those not preordained by predictable laws.

The word “unerringly” in line 3 could be most easily replaced by

The idea of determinism, that no event occurs in nature without natural causes, has been

postulated as a natural law yet is under attack on both scientific and philosophical grounds. Scientific

laws assume that a specific set of conditions will unerringly lead to a predetermined outcome.

However, studies in the field of physics have demonstrated that the location and speed of minuscule

particles such as electrons are the result of random behaviors rather than predictable results

determined by pre-existing conditions. As a result of these studies, the principle of indeterminacy was

formulated in 1925 by Werner Heisenberg. According to this principle, only the probable behavior of

an electron can be predicted. The inability to absolutely predict the behavior of electrons casts doubt

on the universal applicability of a natural law of determinism. Philosophical, the principal

opposition to determinism emanates from those who see human as creatures in possession of free

will. Human decisions may be influenced by previous events, but the ultimate freedom of humanity

may possibly lead to unforeseen choices, those not preordained by predictable laws.

The idea of determinism is refuted in this passage based on

The idea of determinism, that no event occurs in nature without natural causes, has been

postulated as a natural law yet is under attack on both scientific and philosophical grounds. Scientific

laws assume that a specific set of conditions will unerringly lead to a predetermined outcome.

However, studies in the field of physics have demonstrated that the location and speed of minuscule

particles such as electrons are the result of random behaviors rather than predictable results

determined by pre-existing conditions. As a result of these studies, the principle of indeterminacy was

formulated in 1925 by Werner Heisenberg. According to this principle, only the probable behavior of

an electron can be predicted. The inability to absolutely predict the behavior of electrons casts doubt

on the universal applicability of a natural law of determinism. Philosophical, the principal

opposition to determinism emanates from those who see human as creatures in possession of free

will. Human decisions may be influenced by previous events, but the ultimate freedom of humanity

may possibly lead to unforeseen choices, those not preordained by predictable laws.

The word “minuscule” in line 4 is closest in meaning to

The idea of determinism, that no event occurs in nature without natural causes, has been

postulated as a natural law yet is under attack on both scientific and philosophical grounds. Scientific

laws assume that a specific set of conditions will unerringly lead to a predetermined outcome.

However, studies in the field of physics have demonstrated that the location and speed of minuscule

particles such as electrons are the result of random behaviors rather than predictable results

determined by pre-existing conditions. As a result of these studies, the principle of indeterminacy was

formulated in 1925 by Werner Heisenberg. According to this principle, only the probable behavior of

an electron can be predicted. The inability to absolutely predict the behavior of electrons casts doubt

on the universal applicability of a natural law of determinism. Philosophical, the principal

opposition to determinism emanates from those who see human as creatures in possession of free

will. Human decisions may be influenced by previous events, but the ultimate freedom of humanity

may possibly lead to unforeseen choices, those not preordained by predictable laws.

According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true about the principle of indeterminacy?

The idea of determinism, that no event occurs in nature without natural causes, has been

postulated as a natural law yet is under attack on both scientific and philosophical grounds. Scientific

laws assume that a specific set of conditions will unerringly lead to a predetermined outcome.

However, studies in the field of physics have demonstrated that the location and speed of minuscule

particles such as electrons are the result of random behaviors rather than predictable results

determined by pre-existing conditions. As a result of these studies, the principle of indeterminacy was

formulated in 1925 by Werner Heisenberg. According to this principle, only the probable behavior of

an electron can be predicted. The inability to absolutely predict the behavior of electrons casts doubt

on the universal applicability of a natural law of determinism. Philosophical, the principal

opposition to determinism emanates from those who see human as creatures in possession of free

will. Human decisions may be influenced by previous events, but the ultimate freedom of humanity

may possibly lead to unforeseen choices, those not preordained by predictable laws.

The expression “emanates from” in line 10 could most easily be replaced by

The idea of determinism, that no event occurs in nature without natural causes, has been

postulated as a natural law yet is under attack on both scientific and philosophical grounds. Scientific

laws assume that a specific set of conditions will unerringly lead to a predetermined outcome.

However, studies in the field of physics have demonstrated that the location and speed of minuscule

particles such as electrons are the result of random behaviors rather than predictable results

determined by pre-existing conditions. As a result of these studies, the principle of indeterminacy was

formulated in 1925 by Werner Heisenberg. According to this principle, only the probable behavior of

an electron can be predicted. The inability to absolutely predict the behavior of electrons casts doubt

on the universal applicability of a natural law of determinism. Philosophical, the principal

opposition to determinism emanates from those who see human as creatures in possession of free

will. Human decisions may be influenced by previous events, but the ultimate freedom of humanity

may possibly lead to unforeseen choices, those not preordained by predictable laws.

It is implied in the passage that free will is

The idea of determinism, that no event occurs in nature without natural causes, has been

postulated as a natural law yet is under attack on both scientific and philosophical grounds. Scientific

laws assume that a specific set of conditions will unerringly lead to a predetermined outcome.

However, studies in the field of physics have demonstrated that the location and speed of minuscule

particles such as electrons are the result of random behaviors rather than predictable results

determined by pre-existing conditions. As a result of these studies, the principle of indeterminacy was

formulated in 1925 by Werner Heisenberg. According to this principle, only the probable behavior of

an electron can be predicted. The inability to absolutely predict the behavior of electrons casts doubt

on the universal applicability of a natural law of determinism. Philosophical, the principal

opposition to determinism emanates from those who see human as creatures in possession of free

will. Human decisions may be influenced by previous events, but the ultimate freedom of humanity

may possibly lead to unforeseen choices, those not preordained by predictable laws.

The word “unforeseen” in line 12 is closest in meaning to

The idea of determinism, that no event occurs in nature without natural causes, has been

postulated as a natural law yet is under attack on both scientific and philosophical grounds. Scientific

laws assume that a specific set of conditions will unerringly lead to a predetermined outcome.

However, studies in the field of physics have demonstrated that the location and speed of minuscule

particles such as electrons are the result of random behaviors rather than predictable results

determined by pre-existing conditions. As a result of these studies, the principle of indeterminacy was

formulated in 1925 by Werner Heisenberg. According to this principle, only the probable behavior of

an electron can be predicted. The inability to absolutely predict the behavior of electrons casts doubt

on the universal applicability of a natural law of determinism. Philosophical, the principal

opposition to determinism emanates from those who see human as creatures in possession of free

will. Human decisions may be influenced by previous events, but the ultimate freedom of humanity

may possibly lead to unforeseen choices, those not preordained by predictable laws.

Where in the passage does the author mention who developed the contrary principle to determinism?