The US will be able to do this due to the railroads and the “robber barons.”

In 1869, the transcontinental railroad will be completed.

From east to west, Irish and German immigrant labor was used on the transcontinental railroad.

From west to east, Chinese immigrant labor was used on the transcontinental railroad.

Railroads were vital to the transportation of raw materials and finished goods.

Identify the industry described: necessary for construction and railroads; helped cities grow (skyscrapers and bridges); pioneered the Bessemer process; Andrew Carnegie forms a monopoly in this field.

Identify the industry described: necessary for industrial growth (used in machines); US product drilled in the Southwest and shipped by railroads; pioneer Edwin Drake; John D. Rockefeller established a trust that eventually controlled 90% of production and refineries.

During the Gilded Age, America came under the influence of “robber barons” in the financial and political world.

Corporations become the dominating form of business; ownership is not held by one man but by a group of investors (stockholders).

Corporations had more money to invest and expand their business across the nation.

Several corporations sought to create a monopoly—complete control over an industry—by buying their competition or driving them out of business.

As laws were passed to slow down monopolies from forming, trusts developed—separate companies assigned their stock to a board of trustees to form monopolies with these assets.

The telegraph was invented by Samuel Morse. This allowed basically instant communication over long distances.

The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell. This allowed voice-to-voice communication over electric wires.

Thomas Edison made the light bulb work over an extended period of time so it could be used to light factories, homes, and streets at night.

Over 1 million immigrants from Asia came through Angel Island in California in the late 1800s. China sent the most; these immigrants mainly found work on the railroads. The process took anywhere from weeks to years to be allowed entrance, and each immigrant had to be vouched for personally before entrance into American society. Eventually the US government will pass the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, which banned the Chinese’s entrance into the US until the 1940s.

Over 12 million immigrants from Europe came through Ellis Island near NYC between 1892 and 1924. “Old” immigrants were from Northern and Western Europe (Ireland, Germany). “New” immigrants began to come in the 1880s; they were from Southern and Eastern Europe (mainly Russia, Poland, and Italy).

The impact of immigration on American cities was huge. Urban population grew significantly.

Wages were lowered due to the amount of immigrant workers that needed jobs.

Aspects of the American culture were added to (for example, operas, new foods, kindergarten, languages, customs).

Many Americans grew to resent immigrants due to them taking jobs away, failing to assimilate in the American culture, and the rise in crime rate.

Nativism increased among American citizens. This belief stressed that American jobs and positions in government should take care of native-born citizens and worked to discriminate against immigrants.

What is a labor union? Choose the option that best reflects the worksheet’s definition of its purpose for workers, skilled and/or unskilled.

According to the worksheet, factory life for industrial workers was characterized by which overall conditions?

The standard of living for the working class during this era was described as what on the worksheet?

Which pair of work stoppages did labor unions use to place economic pressure on management to compromise?

Which tactics required management and labor to meet and talk about improving conditions for workers? Select all that apply.

When a compromise could not be reached, unions sometimes called for what process to settle disputes?

In a "closed shop" advocated by some unions, factories would only hire whom?

Identify the most prominent labor union of skilled workers founded in 1886 that grew to a membership of about 4 million.

Who led the American Federation of Labor during this era?

Railroad companies sold lands around their lines primarily to encourage what developments in the West?

The federal government’s policy toward settlement of the West, exemplified by the Homestead Act of 1862, is best described as what?

Ranchers began to fence off western lands after the invention of what technology?

According to the worksheet, railroads transported people and agricultural products in which general directions?

Conflict between settlers and Plains Indians increased mainly over which issues noted on the worksheet?

Name the 1868 agreement referenced on the worksheet in which Natives promised to leave settlers alone while settlers pledged to stay off reservations.

The war of 1876–1877 that included the Battle of Little Big Horn is identified on the worksheet as which conflict?

The discovery of what in the Black Hills in 1875 violated earlier treaty promises?

Which religious revitalization known for a dance that sought a return to life before white settlement prompted a U.S. Army crackdown?

Which Lakota leader was killed by U.S. Army soldiers during efforts to suppress the Ghost Dance movement in 1890?

The last major violent clash between U.S. troops and Native Americans in 1890 occurred at which site?

Americans grew tired of social unrest, political corruption, and unregulated big business, and demanded greater social justice, greater democracy and honest government, and regulated business; the result was the __________ (1900–1917).

Many writers began to work to expose the corruption in industries and politics. They were simply known as __________.

In 1906, which book did Upton Sinclair write while attempting to expose abuses of the working class at slaughterhouses, ultimately revealing the horrors of the meat industry?

Ida Tarbell wrote on the abuses of which industry when she exposed the corrupt business practices of Standard Oil in 1904?

Jacob Riis printed his photographs depicting the living standards of the working poor in New York City in which 1890 work?

Whose work titled The Shame of the Cities (1904) detailed the corruption in municipal (city) governments?

________ have always played the key role in reforms in American history. The Progressive Era was no different.

The “Mother of Social Work” was __________.

She created the famous __________ in Chicago in 1889. It was a settlement house.

Settlement houses were created to help transition __________ into the mainstream culture.

Complete the statement: The __________ was ratified in 1913. It called for the direct election of US Senators by the __________ vote instead of by the vote of state legislators.

__________: the ability of citizens to remove a public official from office by calling for a special election.

______________: when citizens vote directly to either pass or reject a proposal. This allows the people to bypass the state legislature.

______________________: the proposal of new laws made directly by citizens. Citizens do not have to wait for a legislator to bring an issue up.

According to the worksheet, which reforms were enacted by labor laws to improve working conditions during the Progressive Era? Select all that apply.

One major aspect of the Progressive Movement was to protect the __________.

President __________ was a champion of conservationism. He believed nature could be used responsibly but also should be protected.

Complete the statement: Roosevelt added 50 federal __________, approved 5 new __________, and initiated the system of designating __________ (such as the Grand Canyon).

He also used the Federal Reserve Act of 1891 to __________ from settlement or harvest some 172 million acres of timberland.

The term "Jim Crow" is a derogatory term applied to African-Americans; it originated from a white actor’s vaudeville character portraying an uneducated African-American. What best describes the origin of the term?

A Jim Crow law is generally any law that __________ Americans based on __________.

The legal precedent for allowing Jim Crow laws to exist was established in the US Supreme Court case (1896). Which case set this precedent?

Homer Plessy was an African-American who was arrested for violating the Separate Car Act. What action led to his arrest?

After his arrest, Plessy sued the Louisiana judge and stated the law was unconstitutional. Which statement best reflects Plessy’s legal claim?

In Plessy v. Ferguson, the US Supreme Court ruled in favor of the __________.

The Supreme Court’s decision in Plessy v. Ferguson established the phrase __________.

This decision allowed Jim Crow laws to __________ and __________ into other aspects of American society.

It will not be until __________ that the US Supreme Court begins to change its mind on segregation.

The NAACP is the __________.

It was founded in Illinois in 1909 by __________ and several others. He believed that African-Americans should be more __________ and __________ in acquiring equality.

The NAACP was created to gain influence in laws and court decisions that could help minorities achieve __________ in all aspects of society.

The NAACP attacked racial injustice and Jim Crow by suing in __________. It sought to __________ racial discrimination across the US.

What is AMERICAN IMPERIALISM? Government policy aimed at extending America's political, economic, and cultural control over other countries.

In the Spanish-American War overview, major battles were fought in the ________. Which region best completes the statement?

WHY #1: The US wanted to protect ________ who were mistreated by the Spanish.

WHY #2: The US wanted to protect ________ ________ of American companies in Cuba.

WHY #3: The USS Maine ________ and sank in the Havana Harbor, killing 266 Americans in February of 1898.

WHY #4: Americans were influenced by ________ ________. News stories about “atrocities” in Cuba were exaggerated to sell more newspapers.

EFFECTS (The Treaty of Paris, 1898): Who wins the war?

EFFECTS (The Treaty of Paris, 1898): The US starts to become a ________ ________. Choose the best completion.

EFFECTS (The Treaty of Paris, 1898): The US buys the ________ for $20 million, leading to debate.

EFFECTS (The Treaty of Paris, 1898): The US gains ________ and ________ as territories.

EFFECTS (The Treaty of Paris, 1898): Cuba becomes independent under US ________.

Following the Spanish-American War, US forces fought Filipino freedom fighters through 1902 in the ________-American War.

After the US acquired overseas territories and a protectorate of Cuba, a ________ ensued over building an overseas empire.

Opponents of an empire argued the US was betraying ________ principles.

Proponents argued an empire would make the US ________ and ________ in world affairs.

In 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt issued the ________ to the Monroe Doctrine.

Under the policy, the ________ would collect any debt owed by Latin American nations.

Regarding Europe, the message was ________ ________ of the West; the US will handle the serious issues.

Roosevelt’s foreign policy was called ________.

In essence, the US would use ________ to “speak softly,” but would not hesitate to use ________ if necessary.

The US in effect took on the ________ of the Western Hemisphere.

Latin American nations ________ like the new role the US asserted.

The US and business leaders desired to dominate ________ in the Western Hemisphere, motivating construction of a canal.

A canal connecting the Atlantic and Pacific would ________ the sailing time between US coasts by about 8,000 miles and 40 days.

The canal would allow the ________ ________ to move from one ocean to the other to defend the US.

The canal would enable the US to better protect its holdings in the ________.

The US was in negotiations with ________ to build the canal.

To secure the canal, the US encouraged and supported a(n) ________ ________ by the Panamanians to break free of Colombian rule.

Between ________ and ________, the Panama Canal was constructed.

The Panama Canal greatly increased the ________ ________ of US business and the global ________ of the United States.

A treaty negotiated by the ________ ________ administration (1977–1981) transferred canal ownership to Panama in 1999.