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WorksheetsQUIZ FMS 1 WEEK 5-7 2022
Total questions: 45
Worksheet time: 23mins
Which one of the following is not a plasma membrane property?
Impermeable to small polar uncharged molecule
Consist of lipid bilayer
Amphipathic
Boundary of living cell with its surrounding
Mosaic and fluid
Patients that have acquired immunodeficiency syndrome are at increased risk for which of the following neoplasms?
Kaposi's sarcoma
Non small cell lung Carcinoma
Esophageal Carcinoma
Colorectal Carcinoma
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Which molecule is formed in the urea cycle and at the same time also an intermediate of the TCA/Krebs cycle?
Fumarate
Aspartate
a-ketoglutarate
Oxaloacetate
Malate
Concerning ATP production in red blood cells (RBC), which of the following is correct?
ATP in the RBC is produced through oxidative phosphorylation
ATP production in the RBC uses proton motive force
ATP in the RBC is supplied via anaerobic glycolysis
ATP in the RBC is produced at the end of the electron transport chain
ATP production in RBC depends on intact mitochondria inner membranes
Certain prostaglandins, when binding to their receptor, induce an increase in intracellular calcium levels. The signal that leads to the elevation of intracellular calcium is initiated by which of the following enzymes?
protein kinase A
protein kinase C
protein kinase
phospholipase A2
Cyclooxygenase
Which of the following is the correct sequence of processes in cellular respiration?
Glycolysis - TCA/Krebs cycle - electron transport
TCA/Krebs cycle - Glycolysis - electron transport
electron transport - glycolysis - TCA/Krebs cycle
electron transport - TCA/Krebs cycle - glycolysis
Malignant neoplasm display following characteristics, except:
defined tissue boundary
loss of specialized function
uncontrolled growth
spread to other locations through lymphatic system
invasion
If a spontaneous deamination of cytosine to uracil in a DNA sequence is left unrepaired/uncorrected; this may cause a change of Guanine to __?
Hypoxanthine
thymine
adenine
O6-Methylguanine
Thymine-dimer
Most of the enzymes of the TCA/Krebs cycle in a eukaryotic cell are in the
inner mitochondrial membrane
cytosol
nucleus
intermembrane space
mitochondrial matrix
Oncogenes have been implicated in the development of a number of human neoplasms. Oncogene activation is a required to the process of carcinogenesis. Which of the following potential mechanisms are relevant to this process?
chromosome translocation
amplification
gene deletion
A and B
A, B, and C
The killing/apoptosis of cells by lymphocytes through the release of perforin to kill viral infected cells, is an example of cell communication through..
neuronal
contact-dependent
paracrine
endocrine
autocrine
Liver helps us during exercise by ___ and the product of this reaction goes into gluconeogenesis to be converted into glucose
synthesis of glycogen
reduction of pyruvate into lactate by liver LDH using NADH
oxidation of lactate into pyruvate by liver LDH using NAD+
oxidation of pyruvate into lactate by liver LDH using NAD+
reduction of lactate into pyruvate by liver LDH using NADH
What is blocked in myasthenia gravis?
acetylcholine receptor
acetylcholine vesicles
myelin sheath
axons
Some acetyl-CoA produced by fatty acid oxidation in the liver mitochondria is converted to acetone, acetoacetate, and B-hydroxybutyrate. These molecules are fuel sources of fuel for the brain, heart, and muscle during starvation. these metabolites are also called ___
gluconolacton bodies
acetone bodies
acidic bodies
ketone bodies
anti-bodies
One of the cell's responses against viral infection is by the secretion of antiviral cytokine. Cytokines may affect the cell itself and its surrounding. cytokine receptor is usually associated with
calmodulin
Grb protein
inositol phospholipid
janus kinase
protein serine/threonine kinase
Prior to becoming invasive, neoplasia goes through a dysplastic stage. Which of the following statements best describe dysplasia?
decrease in cell numbers
increase in cell volume
reversible when stimulus is withdrawn
increase in cytoplasm
poorly regulated cell division
Activated metabolic reprogramming is required to support sustained cancer cell proliferation and malignant progression, as observed by Warburg in the 1930s. Which of the following statements best describe the cancer characteristics?
glucose uptake is much greater in tumor cells than in normal cells
hypoxia increases expression of certain glucose transporter
hexokinase activity is elevated in cancer cells
A and B
A, B, and C
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder due to a mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane protein (CFTR) which regulates chloride (Cl-) transport. CFTR is important in the regulations of cell activity in various organs. Which of following is incorrect in term of CFTR and its function?
CFTR protein is a channel protein that controls the flow of H2O and Cl- ions in and out of cells inside the lungs
coordinated the regulation of NA+ absorption by ENaC and Cl- secretion by CFTR maintains the correct depth and composition of the ASL in trachea
CFTR is located in apical membrane of pancreatic duct cells and plays a key role in ductal bicarbonate (HCO3-) secretion
reabsorb sodium chloride (NaClO as the sweat passes along the tubule of sweat gland ducts and producing a hypertonic sweat
CFTR is located in apical membrane of pancreatic duct cells and plays a key in maintaining the appropriate volume and pH of pancreatic secretions
Following are viruses that have been identified to exhibit cancer causing properties in human, except:
Human papilloma virus
hepatitis B virus
adenovirus
hepatitis C virus
epstein barr virus
In electron transport, electrons ultimately pass to
ADP
cytochrome b
O2
H2O
none of these
Under aerobic conditions pyruvate is converted by pyruvate dehydrogenase to:
Oxaloacetate
Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
Phosphoenol pyruvate
Lactate
Acetyl CoA
Chemical synapses can be excitatory or inhibitory. Which of the following is the CORRECT statement of inhibitory neurotransmitters?
Open cation channels such as Na+
Causes depolarization
Example of inhibitory neurotransmitter is adrenaline
Open Cl- or K+ channels
All above are correct
The depolarization in the post-synapse neuron causes the opening of Na channel and further passes the electrical signal along the next axon. The stimulus of Na channel opening post-synaptic neuron is …
Neurotransmitter
Ca2+
Hyperpolarization of membrane
Concentration gradient of ion
None of the above
When chemical carcinogens are internalized by cells, they are metabolized, and the resulting metabolic products are retained by the cell, inside the cell, carcinogens or their metabolic products can induce cellular change by genotoxic or non-genotoxic mechanisms. The followings are example of non-genotoxic effects, except:
Formation of DNA adducts
Suppression of immune system
Activation of Receptor proteins
Formation of reactive oxygen species
Inflammation
Glycogenolysis is
The breakdown of glycogen into glucose
Reaction series that converts glucose to pyruvate
The synthesis of glycogen from glucose
The synthesis of glucose from non–carbohydrates
Substances that remove or add H atoms in oxidation and reduction reactions
DNA Hypermethylation generally results in:
Inactive DNA methyltransferase
Transcription factor docking
Gene silencing
Gene overexpression
None of the above
Homeostasis of blood sugar is regulated by two main hormones that are secreted by pancreas, i.e. insulin and glucagon. Glucagon is activated during fasting where blood sugar is low. Glucagon acts as a signal for the liver to break down glycogen, through:
Inactivation of glycogen phosphorylase
Activation of insulin signaling
Inactivation of glycogen synthase
Stimulate the movement of GLUT to the membrane
Activation of IRS-1 protein
With regard to DNA repair mechanisms in the cell, the following statements are correct, except:
Damage by Alkylation is corrected by Base excision repair mechanism
Nucleotide excision repair is activated as a response of single strand DNA breaks
Mismatch repair is active in the G1 phase
Homologous recombination repair is active in the G2 phase
Non-Homologous end joining may result in loss of nucleotides.
The second messenger that resulted from the activation of receptor tyrosine kinase is
G-protein
CAM-kinase
Calmodulin
Diacylglycerol
Adenylyl cyclase
Intracellular signaling protein that is activated at the cell surface by activated receptors and then migrate to the nucleus to stimulate gene transcription is
Adaptor protein
Amplifier proteins
Scaffold protein
Latent gene regulatory protein
Relay protein
With regard to Epigenetic modification, the following may lead to the formation of cancer, except:
Hypomethylation of CpG island of DNA repair gene
Overexpression of DNA methyltransferase
Hyperacetylation of Histone on proto-oncogenes
Overexpression of Histone Deacetylases
Hypermethylation of CpG island of Cyclin dependent Kinase
Intravastion is a key step in cancer metastasis. Which of the following statements best describe intravasation?
Neoplastic cell proliferation in their normal habitat
Loss of specialized function
Self-sufficiency in growth signal
The invasion of cancer cells through the basal membrane into a blood vessel
The movement of cells out of a blood vessel into tissue
The flux of substance transport in passive transport depends on various factors. The following factors affect diffusion rate, EXCEPT:
Gravitational force
Steepness of concentration gradient
Molecular size
Transcription factors
Temperature
What are the differences between fatty acid biosynthesis and breakdown?
B-oxidation is in mitochondria, Fatty acid biosynthesis is in the cytosol
FA-breakdown uses NADH/NAD+; Biosynthesis adds two C atoms at the time
B-oxidation removes two C atoms at a time; biosynthesis adds two C atoms at the time
All of the above
None of the above
Phospholipids are the major structural component of membranes and consist of hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic head. Which is not a common type of phospholipid membrane?
Phosphatidylcholine
Phospholipase C
Galactocerebroside
Phosphatidylserine
Sterol
Stimulus to the neuron triggers the signaling across neurons that open/close the ion channel and results in action potential across the neuron. Action potential is an all-or-none electrical signal, which appears as a positive wave when recording internally. The following statements describe action potential, EXCEPT:
Initiated by opening of K+ channel supposed to be Na+ channel
Membrane resting potential is at -70 mV.
The repolarization is maintained by active Na+/K+ pump
Initiated by depolarization of membrane potential
Stimulus will open Na+ channel that results in the reduced membrane negativity
How can you explain hypoglycemia’s occurrence in hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI)?
Glycogenolysis is inhibited due to the unavailability of inorganic phosphates
Gluconeogenesis is blocked
Glycogenesis is stimulated and more glucose is stored as glycogen
All glucose molecules are converted into fructose and trapped as fructose 1 phosphate
Glucose uptake from blood into the cells is increased
The tumor angiogenesis signaling cascade includes the following, except:
Binding of VEGF with its receptor
Activation of transcription factor in endothelial cell
Activation of relay proteins in epithelial cell
Release of VEGF from cancer cells
Breakdown of extracellular matrix
Which one of the following is not a function of pentose phosphate pathways?
Provides NADPH to maintain a reduced state of cells
Provides NADPH for biosynthesis fatty acid synthesis
Provides intermediated for TCA/Krebs cycle
Produces ribose-5-P for nucleic acid biosynthesis
Helps to protect RBC from oxidative agents (free radicals, ROS, etc)
Patients of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome do not have HGPRT enzyme. Which nucleotide metabolism is affected in this syndrome?
Both salvage and de novo pathways of pyrimidine
Salvage pathway of purine
De novo pathway of pyrimidine
Salvage pathway of pyrimidine
De novo pathway of purine
Most multicellular organisms obtain energy for the synthesis of ATP during oxidative phosphorylation from:
A proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane
High energy phosphate compounds
A proton gradient across the cell membrane
A proton gradient across the endoplasmatic reticulum membrane
A proton gradient across the outer mitochondrial membrane
Benign tumor displays following features, except:
Possible growth displacement
Well defined borders
Similarity to original cell structure
Growth into adjacent cells
Slow growing
Angiogenesis is a fundamental step in the transition of tumors from a benign state to a malignant one. Why do you think this process is important for tumor growth?
Supply of nutrients
Contribution of metastasis
Removal of waste products
A and B
A, B and C
How is gluconeogenesis regulated?
Gluconeogenesis and glycolysis are reversible pathways, regulation is not needed
When energy status is high, glucose should be rapidly degraded to provide energy
When the energy status of the cell is high, glycolysis should be off
When the energy status of the cell is low, glycolysis should be off
When energy status is low, gluconeogenesis should be on
Main types of membrane receptors are G-protein linked, enzyme-linked and ion channel linked receptors. The INCORRECT characteristic of G-protein linked receptors is ..
Each is made of a single polypeptide chain that threads back and forth across the lipid bilayer seven times
Indirectly regulate activity of a separate plasma-membrane-bound target protein (could be enzyme or ion channel)
The binding of ligand to G-proteins linked receptor activates dimerization of receptor
Example of G-protein linked receptor is epinephrine receptor
Receptor activation causes dissociation of alpha subunits from beta gamma subunits
