A SuperPAC that can spend unlimited money on politics

Limited to taking only hard money donations

Now illegal after McCain-Feingold Act

A social welfare organization that does not have to disclose donors

Limited to taking only hard money donations

Now illegal after McCain-Feingold Act

A social welfare organization that does not have to disclose donors

An independent group that seeks to influence politics and must disclose donors

Assist groups who have faced discrimination in the past

Increase transparency for political spending

Provide for increased options in school choice

Decrease spending on welfare and entitlements

Documents submitted by people outside a court case for the judge's consideration

Only submitted by certified legal observers and law clerks

Classified but subject to disclosure if the President is accused of a crime

The last resort of a prosecutor who needs to make evidence more convincing

Congress has the power to make new laws in order to do its job

States must honor each other's legal documents and court rulings

Citizens from one state cannot have rights denied to them when they enter another state

National laws and court cases always overrule state laws and court cases

Congress has the power to make new laws in order to do its job

States must honor each other's legal documents and court rulings

Citizens from one state cannot have rights denied to them when they enter another state

National laws and court cases always overrule state laws and court cases

Congress has the power to make new laws in order to do its job

States must honor each other's legal documents and court rulings

Citizens from one state cannot have rights denied to them when they enter another state

National laws and court cases always overrule state laws and court cases

New legislation may not increase the federal deficit

The accused must be brought in front of a judge to prove they should remain in custody

Probable cause is needed for most search warrants to be acquired

The legislature has determined a person is guilty of a crime without a trial

Soft money

Hard money

Dark money

SuperPACs

Soft money

Unconnected PACs

Limits on campaign spending

501c organizations

A private voting event

A face to face method of voting

An electronic ballot

Illegal since the Pendleton Civil Service Act

2 years

4 years

6 years

10 years

Schools to be desegregated in the American south

Corporations and unions to contribute unlimited amounts

Presidents to serve a 3rd term in wartime

Hard money to reach SuperPAC accounts

Designed to draw media and other attention to an issue

Illegal after the Voting Rights Act

A decision to purposely break an unjust law

Punishable with new severity after the Patriot Act

Specific protections from government actions

Covered by the 1st amendment's forms of expression

Protections written into law to prevent unequal treatment of people

Only applied in private settings due to relevant federal laws

Limit freedom of expression in a particular situation

Deny gun permits to citizens

Question a witness without a lawyer present

Deny bail to a person requesting it

Produce a split ticket to truly have an impact

Meet face to face with other voters to choose a candidate

Show photo ID in order to participate

Declare a party affiliation and vote on their ballot only

Presidents are more likely to win a second term than to lose to a challenger

A sitting president loses their party's primary election during their first term

Strong grassroots support pushes a Presidential candidate into office

Candidates lower on the ballot get a boost from a popular candidate for President at the top

Only the U.S. government

Only state governments

Only local governments

Both state and U.S. government

Only the U.S. government

Only state governments

Only local governments

Both U.S. and state governments

Only the U.S. government

Only state governments

Only local governments

Both U.S. and state governments

Bicameral legislature

Unicameral legislature

Checks and balances

An independent judiciary

PACs

SuperPACs

Candidate campaigns

501c groups

In laws

In only the American south

In judicial rulings

In reality

In laws

In only the American south

In judicial rulings

In reality

Party polarization is too extreme and lawmaking grinds to a halt

The courts throw out laws that have been written and signed by the other two branches

One party controls the Presidency and the other party controls part or all of Congress

Voters punish the party in power by taking away seats from them in a midterm

Separate but equal schools were Constitutional

Only Congress could regulate interstate commerce

Slaves were not citizens and could not sue in federal court

If a slave could reach foreign soil the owners had no further legal rights to them

Harshly limit the first amendment

Reduce civil liberties slowly over time

Make an action illegal after it was already committed

Put discriminating policies in place based on strict criteria

Witnesses not named at discovery may not be added to the case later

Freedom to associate also covers freedom to disassociate with others

Citizens who cannot afford a lawyer must be provided one for free

Evidence obtained illegally cannot be used in a court case

Placed limits on campaign contributions and spending, required disclosure

Forced primaries to become a more open process for the common voter

Created dark money to assist wealth donors in remaining secret

Was wholly ineffective because it did not have an agency to enforce it

Establish a common ballot for all 50 states to use in elections

Enforce campaign finance legislation and related election laws

Plan cohesive voting locations for all American voters

Provide accurate polling data on election day as results come in

Women are more likely to vote democratic than men

Women are not paid equally to men

Women turn out to vote at lower rates than men

Women tend to support older candidates for office

U.S. Congress can make new laws needed to do its job

The courts needed the power of judicial review to do their job

Only U.S. Congress can regulate interstate commerce

Sometimes national security would take priority over individual freedom

A law makes an act illegal after it was already committed

Congress passes a bill declaring someone guilty of a crime without trial

The accused is brought before a judge to determine if there is reason for them to be held

National laws take supremacy over state policies when they conflict

An election where the outcome is clear far in advance of election day

An unusually dirty campaign where public attacks by candidates are common

A very close election where media scorekeeping focuses on who is ahead instead of the issues

A problem because the media has taken sides in an election and is influencing voter choices

Decide when a search can be conducted without a warrant

Deny a person a permit to own a handgun

Decide which laws are the most urgent to put on Congress' agenda

Limit expression rights when they encourage wrongdoing

Listed specifically in the Constitution

Not in the Constitution but used in order to carry out powers

Covered by the 9th amendment

No longer Constitutional after Gitlow v. New York

A way to become a 501c and get more money into politics

The process that uses the 14th amendment to apply parts of the Bill of Rights to the states

A way to appeal Supreme Court rulings when it could be proven that society's views have changed

The belief that a tax code written by a powerful federal government could slow economic growth

Anti-British policies

Creation of national bank system

More democracy for the common man

Transparency and tolerance previous Presidents hadn't demonstrated

Serve a lifetime term in office

Impeach elected officials

Throw out unconstitutional laws

Preview new laws before the President signs them

Spoken false statements

Written false statements

Misleading political speech

Speech paid for by dark money

Spending to support or defeat candidates in campaigns

Providing resources in legal disputes to win desired rulings

Activity intended to influence public officials and their priorities

Now illegal due to restrictions in McCain Feingold

Spending to support or defeat candidates in campaigns

Providing resources in legal disputes to win desired rulings

Activity intended to influence public officials and their priorities

Now illegal due to restrictions in Citizens United

Spending to support or defeat candidates in cam

Providing resources in legal disputes to win desired rulings

Activity intended to influence public officials and their priorities

Now illegal due to restrictions in Amicus Briefs

The amount of diversity in a given poll

Rate of response in demographic groups

The confidence rating in a poll's results

Considerations for likely voter turnout

A question and answer session with a prepared statement

An intentional leak to gauge public reaction to an idea

Mostly staged by politicians to generate publicity

An opportunity to perform watchdog functions for media

A question and answer session with a prepared statement

An intentional leak to gauge public reaction to an idea

Mostly staged by politicians to generate publicity

An opportunity to perform watchdog functions for media

Madison's system protects the rights of minorities over majorities

Civil rights are designed to protect rights from abuse

Soon minority groups will outnumber the former white majority in the U.S.

Third parties often impact election results in unpredictable ways

Requires citizens have an opportunity to register to vote when obtaining a drivers license

Requires a form of valid photo ID at the polls in order to prevent voter fraud

Was found unconstitutional in Gitlow v. New York

Decreased access to voting in a controversial way

Small states demanded equal representation in a unicameral Congress

Big states demanded a bicameral Congress with population factored in representation

A compromise was reached to move the capital to Washington, D.C.

The United States proposed absorbing the war debts of the colonies

Small states demanded equal representation in a unicameral Congress

Big states demanded a bicameral Congress with population factored in representation

A compromise was reached to move the capital to Washington, D.C.

The United States proposed absorbing the war debts of the colonies

Only vote on a ballot from a party you're registered in

Vote on any party's ballot when you show up

Meet face to face and demonstrate support for a candidate in an open meeting

Commit less fraud because photo IDs are verified against actual voter lists

Votes for one party the whole way down

Votes only for state-level elections

Votes for members of each major party for different positions

Votes for only federal-level candidates

Only used by republicans

Illegal after McCain-Feingold

Only used by democrats

Eliminated by McGovern-Fraser

Local laws that may conflict with a federal law

4th amendment protections since Mapp v. Ohio

Laws where race is a factor in a policy

Challenges to voting access rights

Civil rights / liberties

Environmental issues

The elderly

Business interests

Civil rights / liberties

The elderly

The environment

Labor unions

Civil rights / liberties

Medical professionals

The elderly

Labor unions

Civil rights / liberties

Business interests

Labor unions

Medical professionals

Was necessary to run the nation

Would end up abusing power, making a Bill of Rights necessary

Could only be approved by banning slavery outright

Would never gain the approval of larger, industrial cities

A strong central government that overpowered the states

A federal Bill of Rights all states had to use

Strong state governments that did not always support national government

Strong economic growth that was sustained for over a decade

Involves having one house of Congress for policymaking

Means that there is a balance of power between branches

Ensures there are checks on the other branches of government

Creates two separate houses of Congress with unique features

Voters can no longer simply vote for a specific party on their ballots

There is not longer a need for the full primary process

Focus is more on a candidate's personality or image than the issues

Parties have more control over which candidates they choose to run

Power will be balanced between state and national government

No one political party will win power for too long

Each branch of government can act if another branch abuses power

The voters possess final say if a politician is abusing the powers of government

Protections the government will guarantee in society

Things that government is prevented from doing to citizens

Ensuring that the laws work equally for all citizens

A way to describe the flexible nature of the 10th amendment

Ensured the right to vote regardless of race

Declared same-sex marriage legal in all 50 states

Made discrimination in public places illegal

Banned poll and literacy taxes

Group of voters from various demographics that get a candidate elected

The winning party and its new Speaker of the House for the next session

The 3-judge panels that decide appellate court cases in the Federal system

Groups of donors who support an interest group through fundraising efforts

In one strong, central government at the top

Shared between national/central and state/local governments

Mostly with the state/regional governments

Distributed horizontally between branches through checks and balances

Determine the level of support for changing the Articles of Confederation

Draft the final version of the Declaration of Independence

Amend the Articles of Confederation, and ultimately write a new Constitution

Respond to new British tax policies with a cohesive plan for resisting by economic measures

Supports smaller government and more traditional values

Opposes tax cuts due to the need for government funding

Supports increased government spending for social programs

Is less likely to have strong religious beliefs

Voters join a new party after a major crisis event

At interest group throws its support behind a different party

Turnout for an election is lower than normal due to stricter voting laws

Voters leave the major parties and claim to be independent

Runs a local caucus for a political party

Performs the swearing-in ceremony for new politicians

Can vote in either party's primary elections

Passes in the wishes of the people after a popular vote

Select leaders to do the work of government for them

Must engage more and make governing decisions themselves

Are expected to honor the legitimacy of the ruling family's power

Live with less day to day freedoms in exchange for more government protections

Can be prevented if government is stronger

Always occur, but we can limit their effects

Allow a dominant group to emerge in the long run

Make 2nd amendment protections necessary

States should keep powers so a central government didn't abuse them

A monarchy would be ideal but direct democracy could also work in America

Keeping equal representation in the Senate was essential for our system

A stronger central government was necessary to run the country effectively

Candidates from major parties run head-to-head against each other for a position

The parties are trying to decide which candidate to run in the upcoming election

Only things like school funding or filling an empty position are on the ballot

Voters may only vote on the party's ballot that they are registered in

Conservative party pushing for personal and economic liberties

Liberal party pushing for environmental protections

Strict constructionist party pushing to use the original meaning of the Constitution

Strong interest group that seeks to influence government policy on carbon emissions

Unlimited and not disclosed

Unlimited and disclosed

Limited and not disclosed

Limited and disclosed

Specifically listed in the Constitution for each branch

Unconstitutional since Marbury v. Madison's ruling

Held only by linkage institutions in today's system

Viewed as needed to get a job done, but not in the Constitution

Lawyers cite specific Bill of Rights protections for their clients

A federal judge applies the equal protection clause in a new way

The Supreme Court applies a certain part of the Bill of Rights to all states

A previous court ruling is overturned based on changes to society over time

Get power and keep it by winning elections

Help with election day needs so that processes are fair

Ensure violations of the Constitution by judges are recorded

Influence government about a specific topic or cause

Race is a factor in a challenge to a particular law or policy

Courts need to determine if government has a reason to make a certain law

A state policy is in conflict with an existing federal policy

There is a challenge to a policy that uses gender as a factor

Plans to vote only for candidates that align with their beliefs

Focuses on too many issues to remain effective at influencing government

Runs ads about a political issue with a message but does not specifically tell voters what to do

Refuses to cooperate with other groups on an issue because they worry about losing some of their influence in the long run

Was a failed attempt at "packing" the Supreme Court with more justices

Organized the federal judicial branch beneath the Supreme Court

Established standards and qualifications in order to become a federal judge

Created the system used to nominate and confirm judges for open positions

Support tax cuts for the rich to stimulate the economy

Hold more progressive values and accept larger government

Oppose pro-choice statements in most cases

Be likely to have strong religious affiliations informing their beliefs

Serve as a check if one branch of government abuses its power

Try to influence government on a specific issue or goal

Help connect citizens to their government in some way

Ensure state governments have effective lines of communication with U.S. government

U.S. can make a bank if needed due to the necessary and proper clause

State laws that conflict with federal laws are unconstitutional due to the supremacy clause

Only the U.S. Congress can regulate interstate commerce

The Supreme Court can use judicial review to throw out unconstitutional laws

The U.S. can make a bank due to the necessary and proper clause

Only the U.S. Congress can regulate interstate commerce

State laws that conflict with U.S. laws are considered unconstitutional

The Supreme Court can use judicial review to throw out unconstitutional laws

Older, traditional sources of news only, like printed newspapers

Newer, innovative sources of news only, like social media platforms

National news programs that target a specific audience of citizens

Any media platform that is successful in reaching a very broad audience

Used to determine whether the President will get a second term in office

An election that happens after a second term to determine if a President will get a third term

Used when a member of Congress is term-limited and must be replaced

An election that happens in the middle of a President's term to elect politicians to the House, Senate, and state-level positions

Tries to reach a broad audience of people across the nation

Focuses on efficiency of product over quality of product

Keeps track of who is winning a race instead of candidate's ideas

Produces content for a specific audience in order to get ratings

Running the party in between major elections

Disciplining state party organizations that stray from the message

Holding local parties accountable for fundraising

Providing customized plans to state parties to guide their decisions

Unify the party with momentum and release a new party platform

Introduce exciting younger candidates for future offices

Exceed fundraising expectations and use media coverage to promote the party

Sway independent voters and create a negative image of the upcoming opponent

U.S. laws and court cases overrule state level policies

States cannot discriminate against citizens of other states

Legal documents from one state much be honored in all states

Congress can make new laws in order to do its assigned jobs

Fundraising tactics the party will use for this election

Strategy will make the opposing party look bad to voters

Interest groups will help the most to defeat the opposing party

Candidate to run on the official ballot in the upcoming election

Civil rights / liberties issues

Elderly people

The environment

2nd amendment protections

List of expected donors for an election cycle

Written beliefs that it will be fighting for

Historical record on specific issues for voters

Measure of support from key interest groups

Separate but equal schools were constitutional

The U.S. could make a bank due to the necessary and proper clause

The Bill of Rights only applied to the U.S. government, not state governments

Courts could use judicial review to throw out unconstitutional laws

Wins an election by having 1 vote more than 50% overall

Is appointed to an unelected position and gets to serve a full term

Will serve the rest of a term for someone who left a job unexpectedly

Won an election by having the most votes, even if it is less than 50%

Someone runs unopposed for an open seat in politics

The parties or people are too far apart on an idea to work together

Too many factions have formed so nothing can get done

Face to face process used to nominate candidates to run for a position

Social welfare group that cannot spend more than 50% of its money on politics

Group inexperienced politicians must join in order to help them get elected

Financial arm of an interest group that takes in money to spend on politics

Way young people are raised and taught political values

Greatest predictor of future voter turnout in any group

Set of widely shared values Americans hold about politics

Great divide between the supporters of the two major political parties

We all share some common values in the political process

Young people will often vote in the same party as their parents do

A person can engage in politics and their participation will matter

There is a growing gap between male and female affiliation with the Republican party

Helpful way to understand their previous voting pat

Solid predictor of their future political donations

Way they attach meaning to events based on their beliefs

Constantly evolving factor in their social behaviors

Any actions taken to influence political leaders

The belief that a person can participate and their voice will matter

How someone is raised and determines their future voting pattern

An attempt to reach a broad audience of viewers

The belief that you can participate it politics and your vote will matter

Mostly done in the home a person grows up in and strongly predicts their affiliation

Done by interest groups to grow their registration and fundraising capabilities

A set of widely held beliefs by a society about the political process in general

Government must have the permission of the

Powers should be separated into different areas of government to prevent abuse

Citizens should participate in government and believe that their votes do matter

The will of the people should be heard by government in making decisions

Case where a lawyer gets an old ruling overturned

Difficult case because the Bill of Rights doesn't seem to apply

Way to interpret only the specific, original meaning of the Constitution

Prior case that will be used to determine the ruling in a future case

Which candidate to run for a position

How many interest groups support the party

If there will be any need for additional funding

How high voter turnout will be in an upcoming election

Overturn an older court ruling in the modern era

Obtain an official search warrant for law enforcement

Demand a recount of results for a close election

Persuade an interest group to fully fund a campaign

Candidates must have a majority vote in order to win without a runoff

Voters elect parties to power based on how many votes they receive compared to other parties

Citizens are expected to make governmental decisions on a more day to day basis to run their country

An executive figure has a final say on results of an election to ensure tradition will endure

Prospective issue voting is when voters:

Listen only to interest groups and do not consider candidates' merits

Are interested only in "who's winning" instead of candidate's actual ideas

Make choices based on plans and promises a candidate has made

Only landline phones are used to take a poll

Everyone has an equal chance of being contacted for a poll

Internet users are included in a traditionally phone-only poll

A group of citizens are used to mathematically represent all Americans

Courts try to consider whether government has an interest in making a certain law

Gender is being used to classify people by an existing law or policy

A law or policy is being challenged that uses race as a factor to discriminate

Courts are trying to determine whether interstate commerce applies to a particular issue

Will typically vote in the party of whoever raised them

Vote for candidates closest to their beliefs that could actually get something done

Tend to overreact to current events when they actually go to the polls in an election

Usually vote for the party supported by interest groups they align with

Abandon the major parties and become independent

Move to new interest groups that support another party

Express dissatisfaction with politics in the form of low voter turnout

Switch into a new party from one they previously supported

Voters actively make government decisions everyday

People electing leaders to run government for them

Acknowledging the right to rule by birth for the ruling family

Open access for interest groups to compete for influence

Everyone has an equal chance of being called for a poll

Only registered voters are called for a particular poll

A sample of about 1,000 can be used make broad predictions within reason

Polls use a sample of less than 1,000 but can mathematically predict future voter behavior

Chooses to watch only media that will confirm their prior views

Votes for only one party consistently based on their upbringing

Cannot vote for a different party due to social pressures in daily life

Donates money only to candidates who support a particular issue

Reveals who they voted for in an election publicly

Admits they have done something illegal

Lies under oath during a legal proceeding

Refuses the right to a lawyer for a court hearing

Declaration of Independence was more controversial than the Founders thought

Constitution had created too strong of a central government to manage a large nation

Articles of Confederation had left central government too weak to run the nation

British Army wasn't strong enough to keep the colonists from rebelling before the Declaration

Civil rights / liberties

The elderly

2nd amendment protections

The environment

Interest groups may only donate to 1 person in each election

Parties will get representatives based on the % of votes they earn

Primaries are unnecessary in most elections for office

Areas only get to send one person as a representative to Congress

Written, false statements designed to hurt a person's reputation

Political speech where funding is not disclosed to the public

Spoken, false statements that seek to hurt a person's reputation

Knowingly false political ads run to affect a campaign for office

Spending done to influence politics without working with a candidate

Limited by dollar amounts and must be disclosed

The largest form of income for political parties today

Donation directly to a political party that is now illegal

A candidate "accidentally" leaks an idea to gauge its popularity

Media unfairly attacks one candidate due to its own bias

A short clip of a speech is used by media to cover an event

Media focuses only on who is "winning" instead of policy issues

Discrimination against minorities' right to vote

The right to vote for a group of people

The ability to donate money freely into politics

A voter suppression tactic used to ensure less minority participation

Can raise unlimited amounts but may not work directly with a candidate

Is subject to hard money limits and disclosure requirements

Used to be able to donate money directly to parties but is now illegal

Is a social welfare group that cannot spend more than 50% of its funds on politics

Banned after Brandenberg v. Ohio

Protected after Texas v. Johnson

Banned after Schenck v. New York

Protected after Gitlow v. New York

Allow equal representation in the Senate

Create proportional representation in the House

Absorb debts incurred by states during the war into the national debt

Count slaves partially in southern states' representation

Rests mostly with state/local governments

Is shared between national/central and state/local governments

Rests mostly in one strong national/central government

Is diffused between separate branches to prevent abuse of power

The elderly

The environment

Business interests

Labor unions

Equal representation in a unicameral Congress

A weaker national executive to avoid a future king

Proportional representation in a bicameral Congress

A national Bill of Rights in order to preserve individual liberties