WorksheetsConsciousness and Investment in Language Learning
Total questions: 23
Worksheet time: 12mins
According to Schmidt, what is the necessary condition for input to become intake?
Exposure
Noticing
Memorization
Repetition
Which type of awareness refers to the learner’s ability to consciously register specific language features?
Perception
Noticing
Understanding
Automaticity
What did Schmidt conclude from his case study of learning Portuguese?
Many structures were acquired subconsciously
Noticing had little effect on learning
Forms he noticed were the ones he eventually learned
Formal instruction was the main determinant of learning
Which of the following best describes “incidental learning”?
Learning without exposure
Learning with full awareness
Learning without intention
Learning only through instruction
Why do adults often fail to acquire low-salience grammatical forms, according to Schmidt?
Their attention is highly goal-directed
They lack motivation
They have poor memory
Their cognitive capacity is limited
What does Schmidt say about subliminal language learning?
It is common in adult learners
It occurs only in immersion contexts
It is impossible
It is more effective than conscious learning
Which psychological model argues that attention must pass through working memory for learning?
Behaviorism
Global Workspace Theory
Automatic Processing Theory
Contrastive Analysis
What is Schmidt’s criticism of the term “implicit learning” in SLA?
It has too many definitions
It is the most important type of learning
It contradicts noticing
It only applies to children
What does “investment” explain in language learning?
How learners memorize vocabulary
Why learners commit to learning in specific contexts
How learners improve pronunciation
How grammar rules are internalized
Investment connects learning with:
Aptitude and age
Identity, power, and access to capital
Memory and exposure
Linguistic complexity
Why may a highly motivated learner NOT be invested?
They lack learning strategies
The classroom is hostile or discriminatory
They dislike the teacher’s personality
They prefer a different textbook
In this model, “capital” refers to:
Only economic resources
Only linguistic ability
Social, cultural, and symbolic resources
Money invested in language programs
What is meant by “imagined communities”?
Online language groups
Unrealistic learning goals
Future communities learners hope to join
Groups that reject language learners
The authors argue that power relations:
Are irrelevant to language learning
Shape learners’ access to participation
Only exist in academic settings
Affect motivation but not identity
Which example represents symbolic capital?
A new laptop
Recognized academic qualifications
Currency exchange
A classroom textbook
Why is ideology important in understanding investment?
It simplifies learning processes
It determines textbook quality
It shapes inclusion and exclusion in social practices
It increases learners’ vocabulary size
What is the main purpose of the 2021 article?
To replace motivation with investment
To argue that investment and motivation are distinct but complementary
To prove that motivation is superior
To introduce a new motivational test
Motivation is primarily understood as a ______ construct.
Sociological
Psychological
Historical
Political
Which of the following is central to investment but NOT central to traditional motivation studies?
Learner aptitude
Power and ideology
Reading strategies
Classroom management
What does the concept of “legitimate speaker” highlight?
The learner must pass tests to speak
The speaker must be recognized as worthy of being heard
Only native speakers are legitimate
Legitimacy depends only on motivation
Which research method is most associated with investment research?
Large surveys
Statistical modeling
Qualitative case studies
Grammar tests
Which idea from motivation research converges with investment?
Integrative vs. instrumental learning
Ideal L2 self and imagined identities
Grammar translation
Controlled processing
According to the article, why is the metaphor “return on investment” misleading?
It is too positive
It treats learners like entrepreneurs
It simplifies grammar
It ignores linguistic theory
